HYDROCARBONS

ALKANES

1)Alkanes undergo free radical substitution

there are 3 stages:

initiation

-light causes a free radical to form

propagation

-two products are formed one is always a free radical

termination

-two free radicals combine to give a non-radicle product

Homolytic fission- two shared electrons in the bond are split equally between the two atoms- common in single covalent bonds

heterolytic fission- electrons split unequally, one atom keeps both

2) Combustion - burn in oxygen to give CO2 with complete and co and water

3) Cracking

long chain alkanes undergo thermal and catalytic cracking to give alkanes and alkenes

Thermal - 800 C, often also gives off free radicals

Catalytic - Zeolite ( aluminium oxide and silicon dioxide)

4) Reforming- straight chain alkanes converted to branched or aromatic compounds

ALKENES

alkenes undergo hydrogenation

oxidation

bromination and hydration

addition polymerisation

ALCOHOLS

react wiht

metals- salt

acids-ester

hbrorpbr-bromoalkane

kmno4 or kcro7-aldehyde and acid

hcl or pcl5-chlroralkane

excess conc h2so4 at 170 -alkene

conc h2so4 at 140 c and with excess ethenol - diether

CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

addition with HCN—-hydroxynitrile or cyanohydrin

condensation with 2,4 DNPH—-orange ppt and hzo

reductionwith LiALH in diether or NABH4 in water —- aldehyde- alcohol, ketone - diol or secondary alchol

BENZENE

nitration

halogenation

PHENOL

AMINES