<<**1) America Clings to Isolationism; 1930s-40s**<< Early 1930’s, a flood of books argued that the US had been dragged into WW1 by greedy bankers and arms dealers. P$$ublic opinion shifted toward the policy of __Isolationism__;$$ the national policy that believed the US should remain separated from foreign affairs and instead focus solely on domestic issues. American growing isolation had a major impact on President Roosevelt’s foreign policy. American people determined to stay out of war. $$__The Neutrality Act__ of 1935 were a series of acts passed$$ ==to keep American from being plunged into Europe’s conflict, as had been the case during WW1==. No trading with nation or extending loans to warring nations. During WW1, the President (Wilson) and the US gov. wanted neutrality, while the people picked sides. %%In WW11 the opposite b/c of the last war.%% \ <<**2) Neutrality Break Down, 1939**<< FDR persuaded $$congress to pass a __“Cash & Carry”__ provision to the neutrality acts;$$ ==this allowed the US to sell war materials to warring nations as long as they paid in cash and transported the goods in their own ship.== This helped provide America w/ some instant relief from the continued Great Depression. While also preventing American ship from targeted for trade material. `“Cash & Carry” helped with the GD (great depression)` T%%he Cash & Carry provision was open to all countries%% (including Germany); however, due to the fact that Britain had command of the Atlantic, %%the provision was to indirectly help the allied powers.%% \ <<**3) The Axis Threat, June 1940**<< US C&C policy began too late for Europe; it began to appear as by summer, France had fallen and B (Britain) under siege. RDR was determined to provide British with “all aid short of wat”. By midsummer, US had sent B with 500k rifles, 80k machine guns, and 50 old destroyers %%in exchange for B bases across the globe.%% On September, Americans were jolted by the news that ==G (Germany), Italy and J(Japan) had signed a mutual defense treaty,== $$allying themselves together into the __Axis Powers__ (AP)$$ `Japan is worrying for American since it’s near US.` \ <<**4) Building U.S Defense, 1940**<< RDR understood, along with many Americans, that the %%US was in dire need for an upgrade toward our national defense and security%%. Nazi victories persuaded the isolationist public to support a boosted national defense budget. During this time, ==the US passed its first peacetime military draft-== $$the __Selective Training and Service Act__ (STSA)$$ `STSA creating during a peaceful for 1st time` \ <<**5) Roosevelt Runs for 3rd term (election of 1940)**<< FDR d==ecided to break the 2-term traditio==n set by Washington and run for his 3rd consecutive term. While unpopular to isolationists, Roosevelt nonetheless wins his 3rd consecutive election by %%another wide margin.%% `Other opponent had same idea as FDR. ` \ <<**6) The lend- lease Act, March 1941**<< <<==**IMPORTANT**==<< %%B had run out of cash to pay for US war supplies%% and therefore could no longer participate in US C&C offer. F$$DR, still eager to aid our secret ally, came up with a solution in the __Lend-Lease Act__.$$ Under the act, th==e president would lend or lease arms/ weapons and other supplies to “any country whose defense was vital to the US.”== (Britain) `(primary source)` FDR compared his idea to fire in a house to not charge. `Help without quick payment, but gets back compensation later in life.` \ <<**7) Supporting Stalin, June 1941**<< The US began offering the l==end-lease policy to the Soviet Union after Hitler broke non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the USSR==. Although the US and the Soviet Union (SU) share ideological differences, (Communism and Domestic Capitalism), %%FDR was acting of “the enemy of my enemy is my friend”.%% While many Americans opposed helping the SU, FDR agreed with Winston who would be prepared to work with the devil himself. \ <<**8) FDR Plans for War**<< Although FDR was popular, %%his foreign policy was constantly under attack.%% Despite isolationist American public (`not wanting war`), F==DR understood he needed to improve the US military further in order to plan for the war== he was certain would come. \ <<**9) The Atlantic Charter, August 1941**<< <<==**IMPORTANT**==<< US continued to prepare the military, ==FDR and Churchill secretly met aboard the USS Augusta to discuss war aims.== Although Churchill US military commitment, $$he settled for a joint declaration of war aims, known as __Atlantic Charter__ (AC)$$. Both counties pledged the following: Collective security, disarmament `(decrease military)`, self- determination `(country independence)`, economic cooperation `(feely trading)`, and freedom of the seas. `These are similar to the 14 points.` %%AC became the basis of a new document called “A Declaration of the United Nations.” The U%%N (United Nation) wou==l==d become the successor to the failed League of Nations. `AC became the basis of the UN (United Nation)` \ <<**10) Japanese Aggression and U.S Response, 1930-41**<< From 1930 to 1941, J pursued an aggressive foreign policy, expanding its empire through military conquests in China and Southeast Asia. Japanese began their southward expansion into French Indochina (now Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) T$$he United States responded by cutting off all trade with J or __embargo__$$ `(with no trade completely)`. %%The US __embargo__ with J cut the empire off from US oil supply, a resource they could not live without.%% Japanese leaders declared that Japan must ==either persuade the US to end the oil embargo, or seize== the oil fields in the Dutch East Indies, with the latter leading toward war. \ <<**11) The Attack on Pearl Harbor, Dec. 17, 1941**<< $$Japanese dive-bombers swooped low ever __Pearl Harbor__ in Hawaii, the largest US naval base in the pacific.$$ Less than 2 hours, the Japanese killed 2,403 American and wounded 1,178 more. Damaged 21 ships, including 8 battleships-nearly the entire US Pacific fleet. ==The US declares war on J the following day, G and Italy would declare war on the US.== %%The US officially at war.%% `Did not sink ant of the aircraft carries . *important` `B/c unable to get rid of fleet US sill can fight. ` `End of Isolation` \ <<**12) Labor Contribution to the War Effort, 1941-45**<< The start if US participation in the war, ==American gov. was worries they won’t have large enough of a labor force to meet the demands of the Selective Service(draft) system,== as well as the demand for industrial labor. Their worries were unnecessary. %%Despite the draft, nearly 18 million workers were laboring in the war industries%%, $$__6 million being women, and 2 million being racial minorities.__$$ `US production` \ <<**13) The War Production Board and Rationing, 1941-45**<< US gov. needed to ensure the armed forced and war industries received the resources they needed to win the war. $$__The War Production Board (WPB)__$$ assumed that responsibility. The %%WPB decided which companied would convert from peacetime to wartime production%% and allocated the nation’s natural resources. During the war, $$__rationing__ became common and encouraged.$$ Under the system of rationing, households received books with coupons to be used for buying scarcer good such as meat, shoes, coffee, sugar, and gas. ==Most American accepted rationing as a person contribution to the war effort and victory==. Rationing during $$WW1 proved the war to be another __total war__ for the American people$$. # The European Theater <<**14) Fighting in Italy**<< Roosevelt and Churchill were in agreement i$$f Axis power accept an __unconditional surrender__$$__.__ American forces in Italy were a successful early on in the Italian campaign. Mussolini loss of power and ==Italians out of war (major milestone).== Fighting in Italy continued as Hitler poured troops to %%avoid the fight with Allies on German soil%%. Fighting continue in Italy until end of war when Germany was collapsing. \ <<**15) D-day**<< Allies gathered forces of nearly 3 million ==Canadian, American, and British (CAB)== troops. Allied invasion, code name __OPERATION OVERLOARD__, given the go on 6/6. Despite the massive air and sea bombardment before the invasion, ==German and resistance was brutal,== particularly at __OMAHA BEACH.__ Despite heavy casualties, the Allies held the beachheads. %%The allied liberation of Europe had begun.%% Allied freed France, Belgium, and Luxembourg. Allied/ American success in the war led to the $$American to have FDR leading for __4th term.__$$ \ <<**16) The battle of the Bulge**<< Allied success in Europe continues to push back German force. ==Last chance to defeat Allies with tank division.== Moving tank into Allies territory, %%creating a bulge in the Allied line. Giving the name __Battle of the Bulge (BOTB)__%% Germans moves westward capture American troops. Elite German troop (SS) $$herded American prisoners into the large field and killed them with machine guns.$$ Battle raged over month. Germans pushed back; from that point, the %%Nazis could so little but retreat.%% \ <<**17) Liberation of the Nazi death camp**<< As Nazis continues to retreat, Allied troop pushed eastward and soviet pushed westward, ==continuously entering German territory.== %%Soviet first to see Nazis death camps.%% Nazi SS were desperately a$$ttempting to destroy evidence.$$ \ <<**18) V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day)**<< Hitler prepared for end. Hitler final address, %%blamed Jews for start of war and his loss.%% Next day, shot himself. ==General accepted unconditional surrender of Germany==. A$$llies celebrated __V-E Day- Victory in Europe Day__. War in Europe over.$$ \ <<**19) Roosevelts Death**<< %%Roosevelt will not see the war%% of Europe or Pacific conclude. Dies of stroke. $$VP __Harry S. Truman__$$ was sworn in as 33rd president. ==Truman charge in ending war==. # War in the Pacific <<**20) Doolittle’s Raid, April, 1942**<< In spring, Allies began to turn against Japanese. Colonel James Doolittle led 16 bombers on a $$bombing raid of Tokyo and other Japanese cities, which became known as __Doolittle’s Raid__$$. The raid was seen as American revenge for the attack on Pearl Harbor and went a long wat towards lifting spirits of American. \ <<**21) Battle of Coral Sea, May, 1942**<< ==Main Allied forces in the Pacific were American and Australians.== Allies succeeded in stopping the Japanese drive toward $$Australian in the 5-day Battle of Coral Sea.$$ During this battle, %%all the fighting was done through the air as airplanes%% took off from enormous aircraft carriers. Not a single shot was fired by surface ships. ==For the first time since Pearl Harbor, a Japanese invasion had been stopped and turned back.== `Japanese was undefeated.` `Fought in the air` `war in the pacific as the US stops Japan for the 1st time` <<**22) The Battle of Midway, June 1942**<< \n <<==**IMPORTANT**==<< ==After Doolittle raid and J’s loss at Coral Sea, Japan eager to wipe out American Pacific fleet.== Their $$next target was __Midway Island__,$$ where American aircraft carriers were stationed. As the Battle of Coral Sea, the American Pacific fleet %%was able to halt that Japanese, thanks to American success in breaking Japanese codes.%% $$__The Battle of Midway__ was a turning point in the war in the Pacific$$, as the US wiped out 4 Japanese aircraft carriers (a major blow to J fleet) as well as 250 planes. %%This was a turning point against the J b/c it marked the end of Japanese control over the Pacific Ocea%%n and established the US Pacific fleet as the dominant force; the US could now go on the offensive. `J though they could do part 2 at midway, but American know code` \ <<**23) Island Hopping, 1942-45**<< <

World War 2 Complex