Urinalysis

Macroscopic Analysis: Observe the color and clarity of the urine.

Chemical Analysis: Use one urine test strip for each sample to test urine pH, specific gravity, protein content, glucose content, and the presence of ketones—completely immerse reagent areas of the test strip in the simulated sample. Immediately remove the strip onto a clean paper towel and compare your results to those on the control strip. At 30 seconds, record the results for glucose. At 40 seconds, record the results for ketones. At 60 seconds, record results for pH and proteins.

Microscopic Analysis: Urine was previously tested for the presence of white and red blood cells. Review the case study for information about the microscopic analysis.

Protein test: measures albumin (0-8mg/dl)

pH: 4.6-8.0

Specific Gravity: concentration of particles, 1.002 - 1.028, dehydration causes high gravity

Ketones: the presence of ketones (endpoint for excessive fat breakdown), not normal to have them)

Glucose: no glucose

Red Blood Cells: not found in urine, can be caused by Urinary tract infection, kidney disease, and liver disease

White Blood Cells & Bacteria: not found in urine, can be caused by bacterial infection

Crystals: calcium oxalate, triple phosphate, and amorphous phosphates are normal. Too many indicate kidney stones

Epithelial Cells: cells that line the urinary tract, normally found