Midterm Exam Review

West Civ Honors Midterm Review

Intro to History

Forms of government 

  • Constitutional monarchy: one person inherits the throne and is bound by the rule of laws

  • Monarchy: involves one person inheriting the right to rule with nearly unlimited power

  • Oligarchy: involves a small group gaining the right to rule through their wealth or abilities

  • Aristocracy: a small group inherits the rights to rule through their family lines

  • Theocracy: involves rule by religious authorities

  • Totalitarianism: involves a dictatorship in which the government controls every aspect of its citizens' public and private lives

  • Direct democracy: the people vote directly on issues without the use of representatives 

  •  Indirect democracy: involves people choosing elected officials to represent them in government

  • Constitutional monarchy: involves people choosing elected officials to represent them in government, however, the rights of the minority are protected by an official charter, such as the U.S. Constitution 

Modern U.S. Government

  • Branches of government and republic

    • Legislative branch: congress, makes laws, 2 senators per state, reps based on population, and are voted in

    • Executive branch: president, enforces laws, deals with other countries, and is in charge of the army

    • Judicial branch: court system and interpret law

  • The Roman Empire provided a model for the government

Classical Civilization

  • the Classical Era:500 BC-1450 AD

    • Greek Empire: ended 323 BC

    • Roman Empire: 27 BC-500 AD

    • Byzantine Empire: 500 BC- 1450 AD

  • Christian nations of Western and central Europe: Catholic

  • Byzantine empire in the middle east: Eastern Orthodox Christian

  • Ottoman Empire: Islamic

The Middle Ages and the Development of Western Europe

Feudal System

  • King: gave land and serfs that lived on the land to nobles

  • Nobles(aristocracy): gave loyalty and military aid to the king and gave food, shelter, and protection to knights

  • Knights: gave military service to nobles and gave food, shelter, and protection to serfs        

  • Serfs/peasants: farmed and paid rent to knights

  • Manor system: the serfs/peasants came with the land/ were tied to the land sold to nobles   

Women of the Middle Ages

  • worked as hard as men in fields but had no rights

Age of Faith Mentality and its influence over the lives of Europeans

  • The papacy is the main source of power

  • kings will “interfere” but ultimately pope keeps power

  • no pope=excommunication(biggest threat)

  • simony: the selling of church offices and indulgences

  • age of faith is renewed religion and dedication to the church

  • popular cathedral being built

  • leads to crusades

Crusades

  • Islamic religion starts

  • taking the holy land back/free Christians

  • 1st crusade: take back land(brutal)

  • 3rd crusade: Muslims took land

  • impacts of crusades:

    • cultural interactions 

    • increased trade

    • tension(b/w Muslims and Christians)

    • greater power for pope and monarchs

Bubonic Plague: 1347-1453

  • traveled by ship from Asia

  • first arrived in Italy

  • spread by flees on rats

  • get buboes(puss filled sacks) with a quick death

  • people turn to church for answers but they have none

  • the decline of feudal loyalty

  • economic advancement: skilled workers

  • morbid and depressing art

  • the death of 25 million across Europe

King John and the Magna Carta

  • an agreement b/w the king and his nobles that established the rule of law limited the king's power and allowed the wealthy landowners to have a say on new taxes

  • king follows all the laws

  • the start of lessoned monarchs in England

  • main takeaways:

    • Leaders have to obey the law

    • No taxation without representation 

    • Habeas Corpus: can’t go to prison without trial

    • Lay foundation for parliament 

Spanish Inquisition under Isabella and Ferdinand

  • punishing people for not being Catholic

  • if they sought forgiveness you would survive

  • takes a lot of lives

  • lots of people left → labor is left with no one to do it

  • say it’s for religion but is actually for power

The Renaissance and Reformation 

Overlaps with Middle Ages

Cause and effects of Renaissance

  • starts in Italy bc…

    • Lacks centralized monarchs

    • Not at war bc there are no monarchs

    • Pope lives there/center of the church

    • Center of trade

    • Surrounded by remnants of Roman culture 

    • The plague left a lot of questions 

  • rebirth of classical culture with new attitudes toward culture and learning 

  • ppl are focusing more on individual achievements, travel, new places, etc

  • Petrarch: known as the father of humanism

    • Humanism: the wisdom of Greece and Rome used to increase the knowledge of their own lives

  • all works of Greek and Roman writing were in monasteries so Petrarch goes and puts them in one place

  • wrote in their vernacular and more ppl started writing in their vernacular instead of Latin

  • Florence is the major place to be during the Renaissance 

    • Home to great writers and artists 

  • Medicis 

    • Lived in Florence 

    • They started as bankers and moved on to manufacturing 

    • Have a lot of money to expand culture

    • Lorenzo a very well-known patron of the arts: would pay artists to support their career

  • printing press

    • Created in 1456 by Johannes Gutenburg

    • The Bible was the first thing printed

    • More ppl learn to read and write

    • Increase in books

    • Ideas spread further and faster

Renaissance Artists and Writers

South

  • more real-looking art with shading, depth, and dimension 

  • Donatello

    • Makes statues for the first time since the Roman Empire

  • Michelangelo 

    • Pieta and David are the most famous statues

    • Painted the Sistine Chapel which took 4yrs to complete

    • Designed the dome of St. Peters Cathedral 

    • The Pope was his Patron

  • Leonardo De Vinci

    • See a lot of the new techniques in his work

    • His new paint decays over time

    • Painted the Last Supper and Mona Lisa

    • A true Renaissance man bc he had other interests

    • Drew the first interpretation of human anatomy by looking at corpses 

    • Drew the first submarines and airplanes before invented

  • Raphael 

    • Youngest of them all

    • Painted a painting of Athens with great minds of Ancient Greece with himself with the other artists 

  • Literature 

    • “How to” books 

    • Castiglione’s The Book of the Courier on how to act in king and Queen court

    • Machiavelli’s The Prince on how to gain and maintain power

North

  • Renaissance ideas spread from Italy to northern Europe which was a lot more religious and Pius

    • Artists in Flanders(place)

  • Van Eyck

    • Paints realistic portraits of towns ppl and religious scenes 

    • Some of our first oil paintings last longer and stronger color 

  • Durer

    • Turned painting ideas into engravings 

    • Writers in the Holy Roman Empire

  • Erasmus

    • Translates bible into Greek 

    • Writings focused on reading Bibles in their vernacular 

    • Leads to reform in the Catholic Church 

    • Writers in England 

  • Sir Thomas More

    • Social and economic change 

    • Most of his ideas are in his book Utopia stating what the world should be like

  • Shakespeare

    • Made up 1700 words

    • Most writings are abt the complexity of an individual and the classics 

The Reformation:1517

  • increased political power during the Middle Ages

  • popes leading lavish lifestyles and being patrons of the arts

  • increased fees for marriages, and baptisms, and sold indulgences to pay for St. Peters's church

Creation of Protestant Religions

Martin Luther

  • German monk who lives in Wittenburg

  • in 1517 he nailed the 95 Theses to the church door

  • preaches that Christians can only be saved by faith alone

  • The pope asks for him to take what he said back and he doesn’t and is excommunicated 

  • Luther's beliefs 

    • The Bible is the only source of faith 

    • Don’t have Bibles in their vernacular and want a translated bible bc all ppl should have access not just the church hierarchy who understand Latin 

    • Simplifies the mass

    • Allow the clergy(priests) to marry

  • Luthers rejections 

    • only five sacraments 

    • no indulgences 

    • no confession

    • no prayers to the saints 

John Calvin

  • in 1536 he published Institutes of the Church 

  • provided advice on how to run and organize a protestant church 

  • sets up a theocracy in Geneva Switzerland and ppl who lived there were the chosen ppl

  • stressed hard work, discipline, and mortality 

  • punished for laughing in Church, dancing, swearing, and fighting

  • a lot of ppl came to Geneva and went back home to spread their beliefs

  • see wars over these beliefs 

Luther vs. Calvin
Similarities 

  • Bible only source of truth

  • Salvation came from the truth 

Differences 

  • predestination(fate already decided)

  • Calvin believed God was all-powerful and made humans sinful by nature 

English Reformation

  • Henry VIII was given the title “defender of the faith” by the pope for writing against Luther

  • wants to change church for political reasons 

  • asks for annulment but the pope says nope so he starts the Church of England

  • Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy in 1534

  • gives Henry the title of only supreme head on earth in the Church of England 

  • appoints Thomas Cranmer as archbishop who gives him the annulment 

  • executes ppl for treason 

  • from 1536 to 1540 he closed all convents and monasteries in England which brought him a lot of land and wealth 

    • Shared with nobles for continued support

  • Elizabeth I took the throne after her sister Mary I died

  • approaches religion carefully 

  • writes the Elizabethan Settlement which is a series of laws abt religious compromise

  • things implemented in England

    • Latin is no longer the language of the service

    • Brings back the book of Common Prayer with revisions

  • Keeps a lot of Catholic rituals and church hierarchy with the king/queen at the top

  • The result will be a protestant nation with resorted unity 

Catholic/Counter-Reformation 

  • Catholic response to protestant change

  • led by Pope Paul III and puts reformers in decisions of the church 

  • the goal is to get back the moral authority 

  • in 1545 the Council of Trent met for 20yrs and discussed how they would respond to Protestant arguments

Age of Exploration

Columbian Exchange and Triangular Trade

  • Triangular Trade

    • Africans went to the Americas for work → Middle Passage. Then, the Africans harvested crops like sugar, tobacco, cotton, and chocolate. The crops were shipped back to Europe, where Europe manufactured goods and sold them to Africa.

  • Columbian Exchange

    • Exchange of food, goods, disease

    • Native crops exchanged

    • Distribution of goods between Old and New World

Motives to explore the world, inventions that led to exploration, competition between nations

  • Motives to explore the world

    • God: wanted to spread Catholicism, and some wanted to find a place to practice religion safely. Catholics, Puritans, and Protestants.

    • Glory: see European nations become competitive–more land, power, and money

    • Gold: rumors of a city of gold, making money off of spices

    • First place is to get to EAST INDIES

    • Curiosity and individual achievement

    • Wanted to find a route to India because of the Crusades

  • Inventions that led to exploration

    • Caravel: ship with triangular sails that allow it to go further and carry more cargo

    • Astrolabe: helps determine the ship’s latitude. Uses stars, sun, horizon

  • Competition between nations

    • In Portugal, Prince Henry makes a school to train shipbuilders, navigators, mapmakers

    • In 1415, Portugal set up a relationship on the African coast. He sets up spots to trade and no one else can trade with them. 

    • Fort and Factory: stop and trade —> starts up colonies (Africans can only trade with Portuguese)

    • Other countries wanted to have their colonies and make more money

Exploring Africa to India

  • Dias was the 1st to make it to the tip of Africa

  • DeGama was 1st to discover a route to India

  • Portugal brings back spices and becomes richer —> Spanish jealous

Major World Explorers

  • Christopher Columbus

    • Approaches Ferdinand and Isabella to find water route around the world

    • Thought the world was round and small because of a Viking Journal and Marco Pallo

    • Sales West to get East

    • 3 ships: Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria

    • Though he was in India he landed in the Caribbean

  • Ferdinand Magellan

    • Tried to find a way to cut through the Americas so he could circumnavigate the world 

    • Finds strait of Magellan

    • The Crew is successful but Magellan dies in the Philippines

Mercantilism, Conquistadors, Ecomienda

  • Mercantilism: export more than import

  • Conquistadors: conquer, kill, and colonize

  • spread Catholicism

  • guns, germs, and steel were methods of conquering/reducing the population

    • Guns: Spain guns vs. Natives bow and arrows

    • Germs: biological warfare

    • Steel: use steel to make weapons 

  • Encomienda: a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area

    • peninsular: pure-blood Spanish born in Spain, control most of the land, and have the highest government positions 

    • creoles: pure blood Spanish born in the new world, well educated, maybe military officers

    • mestizos: Spanish and Natives, house servant 

    • mulatos: Spanish and Africans, house servant 

    • natives: forced to work in terrible conditions, dying off bc of diseases, and brought in Africans to do the work 

  • how the Spanish colonies work until they gain independence 

Atlantic Slave Trade: early 1500s-1807

  • Portuguese is the major starter of the Atlantic Slave Trade

  • have a lot of trading posts in Africa

  • most slaves are put in slavery bc they lost a tribal fight

  • kidnapping would also happen

  • Africans on the coast are selling Africans 

Absolute Monarchs in Europe and the Enlightenment

Absolutism, Divine Right of Kings, Government Centralization 

  • absolutism: political doctrine and practice of unlimited, centralized authority and absolute sovereignty, especially as vested in a monarch

  • Divine Right: the authority to rule directly from God

  • no one can question them bc they question God if so 

  • absolute monarchs have a strong unified state with a central government, tax ppl, strong armies, and protect borders

Absolutism in France, Spain, Russia, and England

  • Louis XIV: France

    • Gives himself the title “the Sun King”

    • Thinks France is the center of Europe 

    • Says “I am the state”

    • Takes over a lot of power

  • Phillip II: Spain

    • extremely Catholic and strengthens catholicism in Spain

    • Makes a lot of money for Spain with cash crops and some mining of silver and gold with colonies in Central and South America

    • Spanish Armada

  • Ivan the Terrible: Russia

    • Consolidates power in Russia

    • Blames boyars(nobles) for killing his wife

    • Starts a secret police and uses them to consolidate his power to create a strong absolute monarchy in Russia

  • Peter the Great: Russia

    • Wants to be like Europe 

    • Forces boyars to shave beards and wear westernize clothing

    • Built St. Petersburg to allow him to trade with Western Europe through the Baltic Sea

  • England does not have an absolute monarchy bc of Magna Carta

Stuart Line of Kings in England

  • James I→Charles I→(Oliver Cromwell:NOT KING)→Charles II→James II→William and Mary 

  • James I first ruler who does not understand the Magna Carta

    • Used to absolute monarchy in Scotland

  • Charles I asks for money from parliament 

  • English Civil War→England splits into two groups:

    • Royalists/Cavaliers: support the king and are Catholic/moderate Protestant 

    • Roundheads: parliament and puritan

  • Oliver Cromwell is the general of the Roundheads

  • captures, tries, and kills Charles I and becomes the “Lord Protector”

  • puritan and tries to force it on England

  • Charles II restored monarchy, keeps religion quiet, and works well with parliament 

  • James II is openly Catholic, does not listen to parliament, and wants an absolute monarchy

  • Parliament is scared that James will make England Catholic again so they ally with his daughter Mary 

  • Parliament writes a letter to Mary and George to come with an army to rule England instead of James

  • he flees and the event is known as the Glorious Revolution bc no one died

  • forced to sign the English Bill of Rights

    • Habeas Corpus

    • No catholic on the throne

    • Trial by jury/no cruel and unusual punishment

    • Parliament must give advice

  • becomes limited monarchy 

Scientific Revolution: early 1500s

  • laws of the physical universe

  • using reason over religion

  • Copernicus came up with the Heliocentric theory: all the planets revolve around the sun

  • Galileo Galilei confirms Copernicus's right with a new astronomical telescope

  • put under house arrest for the rest of his life by the Catholic church for this belief

  • Isaac Newton: laws of gravity and motion

  • other inventions: telescope, microscope, thermometer, and scientific method

Causes and Effects of Enlightenment

  • look at natural laws: laws that govern natural life

  • a rebirth of ancient gov like democracy

  • sometimes called the  “Age of Reason”

  • less church influence on gov

  • get a group of enlightened despots

    • Kings and queens throughout Europe show they’ve been enlightened

  • England is already considered an Enlightened country but is not treating colonies swell

  • these ideas lead to the American Revolution

  • France does not entertain any of these ideas but they help the American defeat the British 

English Philosophes

John Locke

  • thinks ppl are reasonable, moral, and have natural rights of life, liberty, and property

  • American Revolutionists use his ideas

  • Locke's writings were the Two Treatises of Government: says that the government is formed to protect the rights of ppl, but the gov should have limited rights and should be accepted by all ppl

  • if the government fails ppl should be able to overthrow gov

  • would have supported Roundheads and Glorious Revolution

Wollstonecraft(woman)

  • believed in equal education among girls and boys so that girls can participate equally in life

  • believed the first duty was to be a good mother but women should be able to decide their interests without their husbands

French Philosophes

  • there is nothing beyond the reach of human reason

  • call for reforms to protect ppls natural rights

Montesquieu 

  • studies vast gov and culture throughout history

  • complies studies in the Studies of the Law

  • comes up with a system of 3 branches and checks and balances for the branches

Voltaire

  • uses wit to expose abuses of corrupt officials, the slave trade, and religious prejudice 

  • big supporter of freedom of speech

  • France doesn’t like this and exiles him

Rousseau

  • most controversial 

  • write the Social Contract: says that gov that is freely elected is the only one who should put limitations on people's behavior and even then it should be limited

  • takes Locke's ideas further

The French Revolution

Intellectual and physical causes and effects of the French Revolution

  • debt 

    • Marie threw huge parties

    • Huguenots gone

    • Palace of Versailles

  • poor harvest

    • No food and money

  • Enlightenment ideas

    • More and more popular/thinking about rights

  • indecisiveness of Louis XVI

    • Does not want to rule and would rather hunt

  • unfair social classes

    • Old regime

Estates General, Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, Robspierre, Napoleon

  • Estates General

    • Dates back to the Middle Ages

    • Louis is convinced by the nobility that he has a spending problem —> Estates General: meeting of representatives from the 3 estates

      • Each estate gets one vote

      • Clergy and nobles (1st and 2nd estate) always win

    • Louis wanted to raise taxes on the nobility, but the nobility knew that they weren’t going to lose

    • 3rd estate wanted to change the rules of the meeting and wanted everyone to get a vote

  • Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

    • Louis would rather do something else than rule

    • Marie (Austrian, brother of the Holy Roman Emperor), is not well-liked because she isn’t French

    • She gets named Madame Deficit

    • Louis hires Swiss guards and rumors spread that he would turn on his people —> Storming of the Bastille

  • Robespierre

    • Radical; Jacobin leader

    • Led the reign of Terror

    • Under the national convention, there is a committee of public safety and doctoral

    • He mostly runs things

    • In 1 year, he rounds up enemies of the revolution 

    • He starts guillotining his people and eventually gets guillotined

  • Napoleon

    • After Robespierre is overthrown, the people turn to the moderates. 

    • Napoleon was chosen to lead the military

    • He joined the military at the beginning of the Revolution and got the nickname, “The General” 

    • Conducts a Coup d'etat: sudden, illegal, violent seizure of power

    • He sets up a new gov —-> the Consulate. The Consulate created a new constitution and people voted and approved

    • Napoleon led France to war, won, and signed peace treaties —-> peace in Europe for 1st time in 10 years

    • Realized France is a mess

      • Economically: stabilizes economy by reforming the tax system, creates a national banking system, and sells Louisiana to the US

      • Sets up public schools

      • Creates Napoleonic Code: a uniform system of laws that limits some individuals. rights(people are fine with it)

      • Enters agreement with the Pope and brings back the Catholic Church in France, but it can not interfere with the government

    • Crowns himself emperor and showed the Church doesn’t have power, Reason/religion

    • Absolute power again

The national assembly, legislative assembly, and national convention were virtually all the same governing body of people 

  • National Assembly

    • 3rd estate create National Assembly

    • Calls for representative government and end to absolute monarchy —-> 1st moment of rebellion

    • 1st and 2nd lock the national assembly out

    • Still want to meet so they broke down the doors of a tennis court and took an oath to never stop meeting until a new constitution is made

    • 1st and 2nd meet with them —-> scared and Louis sends them to meet with the National Assembly

  • Legislative Assembly

    • National assembly writes constitution for France —-> new constitution and gov

    • 3 branches

      • Legislative: leg. Assembly, don't always get along. 3 factions

      • Executive: king

      • Judicial: don’t need to know 

Factions in the assembly, Reign of Terror, Napolean’s effect on Europe and France, his downfall

  • Factions in the Assembly

    • Radical (left): wanted to take away monarchy and make changes to government

    • Moderates (middle): wanted some changes but not as much as left

    • Conservatives (right): backed limited monarchy and wanted few changes

  • Reign of Terror(written under Robespierre section)

  • Napoleon’s effect on Europe and France (written under Napoleon section)

Napoleon’s downfall 

  • Coalition (European countries) fight against Napoleon

  • Battle of Trafalgar and lost. Major Naval battle against the British and wiped out his entire navy 

  • Continental System: Napoleon wanted to destroy Britain’s economy and industry 

    • Wants to cut off trade

    • Blockades port 

    • Forbid other countries to trade with Britain

    • Not everyone —> Portugal and Russia and led to…

  • Peninsular war

    • Wants to punish Portugal and has to cross Spain

    • Napoleon replaced the Spanish King but the country liked their king

    • When Napoleon was marching through Spain and ambushed him

    • Lost 300,000 Frenchmen

  • Invasion of Russia

    • Russia doesn’t follow a continental system

    • When Napoleon invades, the Russians retreat

    • Russians burn the land behind them called the Scorch Earth Policy

    • Burns all food sources and winter is coming

    •  Has a quick victory but retreats

    • April of 1814 he is exiled from France to Elba

    • Louis XVIII is put on the throne

    • Don’t like Louis and Napoleon comes back —-> military accepts him

    • Napoleon is defeated in the Battle of Waterloo by the British

    • Exiled to St. Helena