APHG vocab
Aphg full vocab
Flashcard #1
Term: Data aggregation
Definition: The process of gathering and summarizing data from multiple sources.
Flashcard #2
Term: Spatial perspective
Definition: A way of looking at the world that emphasizes the importance of geographic space and location.
Flashcard #3
Term: Spatial patterns
Definition: The arrangement of phenomena or objects on the earth’s surface.
Flashcard #4
Term: Clustered
Definition: A distribution pattern in which phenomena are concentrated in one area.
Flashcard #5
Term: Dispersed
Definition: A distribution pattern in which phenomena are spread out over a large area.
Flashcard #6
Term: Time-distance decay
Definition: The diminishing importance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its source.
Flashcard #7
Term: Map scale
Definition: The relationship between distance on the map and distance in the real world.
Flashcard #8
Term: Scale
Definition: The level of detail or scope of a geographic study.
Flashcard #9
Term: Absolute distance/direction
Definition: The exact measurement of space between two points.
Flashcard #10
Term: Relative distance/direction
Definition: The approximate measurement of the space between two places.
Flashcard #11
Term: Elevation
Definition: The height above sea level.
Flashcard #12
Term: Latitude
Definition: The distance north or south of the equator measured in degrees.
Flashcard #13
Term: Longitude
Definition: The distance east or west of the prime meridian measured in degrees.
Flashcard #14
Term: Absolute location
Definition: The precise location of a place using coordinates.
Flashcard #15
Term: Reference maps
Definition: Maps that show the physical and cultural features of an area.
Flashcard #16
Term: Thematic maps
Definition: Maps that focus on a particular theme or data set.
Flashcard #17
Term: Map Projection
Definition: The method used to represent the curved surface of the earth on a flat map.
Flashcard #18
Term: Census
Definition: A systematic count of a population.
Flashcard #19
Term: Latitude lines (parallels)
Definition: Imaginary lines that run parallel to the equator.
Flashcard #20
Term: Prime Meridian
Definition: The meridian at 0 degrees longitude, from which all other degrees of longitude are measured.
Flashcard #21
Term: Global Positioning System (GPS)
Definition: A satellite-based navigation system that allows users to determine their exact location.
Flashcard #22
Term: Geographic Information Science
Definition: The field that studies the a range of technologies used for spatial analysis.
Flashcard #23
Term: Remote sensing
Definition: The acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact.
Flashcard #24
Term: Quantitative data
Definition: Data that can be measured and expressed numerically.
Flashcard #25
Term: Qualitative data
Definition: Data that describes qualities or characteristics.
Flashcard #26
Term: Space
Definition: The physical gap or interval between two objects.
Flashcard #27
Term: Place
Definition: A specific point on Earth distinguished by particular characteristics.
Flashcard #28
Term: Cultural landscape
Definition: The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape.
Flashcard #29
Term: Toponym
Definition: The name given to a place or geographical feature.
Flashcard #30
Term: Site
Definition: The physical character of a place.
Flashcard #31
Term: Situation
Definition: The location of a place relative to other places.
Flashcard #32
Term: Flow
Definition: The movement of people, goods, or information across space.
Flashcard #33
Term: Globalization
Definition: The process by which businesses develop international influence.
Flashcard #34
Term: Time-Space Compression
Definition: The process by which technological advancements reduce the time it takes to travel or communicate.
Flashcard #35
Term: Interdependence
Definition: The mutual reliance between two or more groups.
Flashcard #36
Term: Pattern
Definition: An arrangement or sequence that can be observed repeatedly.
Flashcard #37
Term: Diffusion
Definition: The process by which an idea or product spreads from one culture to another.
Flashcard #38
Term: Hearth
Definition: The origin or source area where an innovation originates.
Flashcard #39
Term: Expansion diffusion
Definition: The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in an additive process.
Flashcard #40
Term: Cultural Ecology
Definition: The study of how human societies adapt to their environments.
Flashcard #41
Term: Natural hazards
Definition: Events that occur in nature and pose a threat to human life or property.
Flashcard #42
Term: Natural resources
Definition: Materials or substances that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.
Flashcard #43
Term: Nonrenewable resources
Definition: Resources that cannot be replaced once used.
Flashcard #44
Term: Renewable resources
Definition: Resources that can be replenished naturally over time.
Flashcard #45
Term: Sustainability
Definition: The ability to maintain resources for future generations.
Flashcard #46
Term: Environmental Determinism
Definition: The theory that the physical environment predisposes human social development.
Flashcard #47
Term: Possibilism
Definition: The theory that the environment may limit human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the environment.
Flashcard #48
Term: Cartographic/Map scale
Definition: A measure of the relationship between a distance on a map and the actual distance on the ground.
Flashcard #49
Term: Geographic scale
Definition: The level of detail or scope of geographic analysis.
Flashcard #50
Term: Scale of Analysis/Data scale
Definition: The scale at which data is examined, affecting the outcome.
Flashcard #51
Term: Region
Definition: An area defined by one or more natural or cultural characteristics.
Flashcard #52
Term: Formal region (uniform region)
Definition: An area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.
Flashcard #53
Term: Functional region (nodal region)
Definition: An area organized around a node or focal point.
Flashcard #54
Term: Vernacular region (perceptual region)
Definition: An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
Flashcard #55
Term: Mental map
Definition: A person's point-of-view perception of their area of interaction.
Flashcard #56
Term: Regional Identity
Definition: The distinct characteristics of a region that people associate with it.
Flashcard #57
Term: Demography/Demographics
Definition: The statistical data of a population, especially those showing age, income, education, etc.
Flashcard #58
Term: Population distribution
Definition: The spread of people across the world.
Flashcard #59
Term: Mean center of population
Definition: The point at which a population is evenly balanced.
Flashcard #60
Term: Population density
Definition: The number of people living per unit of area.
Flashcard #61
Term: Arithmetic (crude) density
Definition: The total number of people divided by the total land area.
Flashcard #62
Term: Physiological density
Definition: The number of people per unit of arable land.
Flashcard #63
Term: Arable land
Definition: Land capable of being plowed and used to grow crops.
Flashcard #64
Term: Agricultural density
Definition: The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land.
Flashcard #65
Term: Carrying Capacity
Definition: The maximum number of people that an area can support sustainably.
Flashcard #66
Term: Population composition
Definition: The demographic makeup of a population.
Flashcard #67
Term: Cohort
Definition: A group of individuals who share a common characteristic.
Flashcard #68
Term: Dependency ratio
Definition: A measure of the number of dependents, aged zero to 14 and over the age of 65.
Flashcard #69
Term: Youth dependency ratio
Definition: The ratio of people who are 0-14 years old compared to those who are 15-64 years old.
Flashcard #70
Term: Elderly dependency ratio
Definition: The ratio of people aged 65 and older compared to those aged 15-64.
Flashcard #71
Term: Generations
Definition: Groups of individuals born around the same time.
Flashcard #72
Term: Sex ratio
Definition: The ratio of males to females in a population.
Flashcard #73
Term: Population pyramid
Definition: A graphical representation of the age and sex distribution of a population.
Flashcard #74
Term: Demographic equation
Definition: An equation that mathematically expresses changes in population size.
Flashcard #75
Term: Crude birth rate (CBR)
Definition: The number of live births per 1,000 people in a given year.
Flashcard #76
Term: Total fertility rate (TFR)
Definition: The average number of children a woman will have during her lifetime.
Flashcard #77
Term: Replacement level fertility
Definition: The number of children a couple must have to replace themselves.
Flashcard #78
Term: Crude death rate (CDR) or mortality rate
Definition: The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given year.
Flashcard #79
Term: Infant mortality rate (IMR)
Definition: The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births.
Flashcard #80
Term: Rate of natural increase (RNI)
Definition: The difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths occurring in a year.
Flashcard #81
Term: Zero population growth (ZPG)
Definition: A condition where the number of people in a specified population neither grows nor declines.
Flashcard #82
Term: Doubling time
Definition: The time it takes for a population to double in size.
Flashcard #83
Term: Demographic transition model (DTM)
Definition: A model that describes the transition of a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.
Flashcard #84
Term: Epidemiology
Definition: The branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases.
Flashcard #85
Term: Epidemiologic transition model (ETM)
Definition: A model that describes the changes in disease patterns as a population transforms.
Flashcard #86
Term: Degenerative disease
Definition: A disease characterized by the degeneration of function or structure of the affected tissue or organ.
Flashcard #87
Term: Medical revolution
Definition: The wave of medical advances that greatly improved public health.
Flashcard #88
Term: Pestilence
Definition: A fatal epidemic disease.
Flashcard #89
Term: Famine
Definition: Extreme scarcity of food.
Flashcard #90
Term: Pandemic
Definition: An epidemic that spreads across a large region, affecting a high proportion of the population.
Flashcard #91
Term: Degenerative diseases
Definition: Diseases that gradually worsen over time.
Flashcard #92
Term: Malthusian theory
Definition: The theory suggesting that population growth will outpace food production.
Flashcard #93
Term: Neo-Malthusians
Definition: Individuals who advocate for population control in response to Malthus's ideas.
Flashcard #94
Term: Boserup Theory
Definition: The theory that agricultural methods depend on population size.
Flashcard #95
Term: Antinatalist policies
Definition: Policies that discourage births.
Flashcard #96
Term: Pronatalist policies
Definition: Policies that encourage births.
Flashcard #97
Term: Aging population
Definition: A population with a higher median age due to declining birth rates and/or increasing longevity.
Flashcard #98
Term: Median age
Definition: The age at which half the population is older and half is younger.
Flashcard #99
Term: Life expectancy
Definition: The average period that a person may expect to live.
Flashcard #100
Term: Push factors
Definition: Conditions that drive people away from their home.
Flashcard #101
Term: Pull factors
Definition: Conditions that attract people to a new area.
Flashcard #102
Term: Intervening obstacle
Definition: A barrier that makes migration more difficult.
Flashcard #103
Term: Intervening opportunity
Definition: A favorable circumstance that stops migration.
Flashcard #104
Term: Migration
Definition: The movement of people from one place to another.
Flashcard #105
Term: Immigrant/In-migration
Definition: The act of entering a new country to live.
Flashcard #106
Term: Emigrant/Out-migration
Definition: The act of leaving one country to live in another.
Flashcard #107
Term: Migration stream
Definition: The patterns of migration from one origin to a destination.
Flashcard #108
Term: Counterstream
Definition: The reverse movement of migration.
Flashcard #109
Term: Net migration
Definition: The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants.
Flashcard #110
Term: Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
Definition: A set of principles that explain migration patterns.
Flashcard #111
Term: Brain Drain
Definition: The emigration of trained or talented individuals from a particular country.
Flashcard #112
Term: Brain Gain
Definition: The influx of trained or talented individuals into a particular country.
Flashcard #113
Term: Voluntary migration
Definition: Movement of individuals based on personal choice.
Flashcard #114
Term: International migration
Definition: Migration across national borders.
Flashcard #115
Term: Guest worker
Definition: A foreign laborer who is allowed to work temporarily in a host country.
Flashcard #116
Term: Transnational migration
Definition: The movement of people across borders that has implications for their home and host societies.
Flashcard #117
Term: Internal migration
Definition: Migration within a country.
Flashcard #118
Term: Step migration
Definition: Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages.
Flashcard #119
Term: Chain migration
Definition: Migration that follows the flow of family or community members.
Flashcard #120
Term: Transhumance
Definition: A seasonal movement of livestock between fixed summer and winter pastures.
Flashcard #121
Term: Rural-to-urban migration
Definition: The movement of people from the countryside to cities.
Flashcard #122
Term: Zelinsky’s Mobility Transition Model
Definition: A model of how migration varies by different stages of economic development.
Flashcard #123
Term: Forced migration
Definition: Involuntary migration due to factors such as conflict or disaster.
Flashcard #124
Term: Refugee
Definition: A person who flees their home country due to persecution or war.
Flashcard #125
Term: Internally displaced person (IDP)
Definition: A person forced to flee their home but remains within their country's borders.
Flashcard #126
Term: Asylum seeker
Definition: A person who seeks international protection from persecution.
Flashcard #127
Term: Remittances
Definition: Money sent by migrants back to family or friends in their home countries.
Flashcard #128
Term: Diaspora
Definition: A dispersed population with a common origin.
Flashcard #129
Term: Primary sector
Definition: Economic sector that involves the extraction of natural resources.
Flashcard #130
Term: Secondary sector
Definition: Economic sector that involves manufacturing and processing.
Flashcard #131
Term: Tertiary sector
Definition: Economic sector that provides services.
Flashcard #132
Term: Quaternary sector
Definition: Economic sector that involves information and knowledge-based services.
Flashcard #133
Term: Quinary sector
Definition: Economic sector that involves high-level decision making.
Flashcard #134
Term: Rostow’s stages of economic growth
Definition: A framework to explain economic development through five stages.
Flashcard #135
Term: World Systems Theory
Definition: A theory that views the world as a complex system of political and economic relationships.
Flashcard #136
Term: Core
Definition: The most economically developed countries in a world system.
Flashcard #137
Term: Semi-periphery
Definition: Countries that are industrializing and developing.
Flashcard #138
Term: Periphery
Definition: Least developed countries in a world system.
Flashcard #139
Term: Dependency Theory
Definition: A theory suggesting that the resources of poorer countries are extracted for the benefit of wealthier countries.
Flashcard #140
Term: Commodity dependence
Definition: When an economy relies heavily on one or two primary products.
Flashcard #141
Term: Gross national product
Definition: The total value of all goods and services produced by a country during a time period.
Flashcard #142
Term: Gross domestic product
Definition: The total value of all goods and services produced within a country.
Flashcard #143
Term: Gross national income
Definition: The total income received by residents of a country, including income earned abroad.
Flashcard #144
Term: Per capita
Definition: The average per person.
Flashcard #145
Term: Purchasing power parity
Definition: An economic theory that states exchange rates should adjust to equalize the purchasing power of different currencies.
Flashcard #146
Term: Human Development Index
Definition: A composite measure that assesses the development of countries based on health, education, and income.
Flashcard #147
Term: Informal sector
Definition: The part of the economy that is not regulated or monitored by the government.
Flashcard #148
Term: Formal sector
Definition: The part of the economy that is regulated and taxed by the government.
Flashcard #149
Term: Income distribution
Definition: How income is distributed among individuals or groups.
Flashcard #150
Term: Gender Inequality Index
Definition: A measure of gender disparity in a country.
Flashcard #151
Term: Gender gap
Definition: The disparities between men and women in various aspects.
Flashcard #152
Term: Microloan
Definition: A small loan given to individuals or small businesses.
Flashcard #153
Term: Mediterranean climate
Definition: A climate characterized by wet winters and hot, dry summers.
Flashcard #154
Term: Intensive Agriculture
Definition: A farming method that uses high inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital.
Flashcard #155
Term: Extensive agriculture
Definition: A farming method that uses low inputs of labor and capital relative to the area cultivated.
Flashcard #156
Term: Subsistence Agriculture
Definition: Farming that provides enough food for the farmer and their family.
Flashcard #157
Term: Commercial Agriculture
Definition: Agriculture designed for profit and sale.
Flashcard #158
Term: Market Gardening
Definition: Small-scale farming that focuses on the production of vegetables or fruits.
Flashcard #159
Term: Commercial Gardening/Truck farm
Definition: Farming that produces fruits and vegetables for sale to markets.
Flashcard #160
Term: Plantation
Definition: A large estate where cash crops are grown.
Flashcard #161
Term: Mixed crop/livestock agriculture
Definition: A farming system where crops and livestock are integrated.
Flashcard #162
Term: Cereal grains
Definition: Grains such as wheat, corn, and rice that are staple foods.
Flashcard #163
Term: Cash crop
Definition: A crop produced primarily for sale.
Flashcard #164
Term: Paddy rice farming
Definition: The cultivation of rice in flooded fields.
Flashcard #165
Term: Grain farming
Definition: The production of cereal grains.
Flashcard #166
Term: Livestock fattening
Definition: Raising livestock to sell for meat.
Flashcard #167
Term: Dairying
Definition: The production of milk and milk products.
Flashcard #168
Term: Shifting cultivation
Definition: A farming method where land is cleared and used for cultivation for a few years then abandoned.
Flashcard #169
Term: Slash-and-burn (swidden) agriculture
Definition: A method of agriculture involving the cutting and burning of plants to create fields.
Flashcard #170
Term: Nomadic herding (nomadic pastoralism)
Definition: The practice of moving livestock from one pasture to another.
Flashcard #171
Term: Plantation agriculture
Definition: Agriculture conducted on large estates.
Flashcard #172
Term: Livestock ranching
Definition: The raising of livestock for meat.
Flashcard #173
Term: Monocropping
Definition: The agricultural practice of growing a single crop.
Flashcard #174
Term: Monoculture
Definition: The cultivation of a single crop over a wide area.
Flashcard #175
Term: Rural area
Definition: An area located outside cities and towns.
Flashcard #176
Term: Agricultural landscape
Definition: The physical features and usage of land for farming.
Flashcard #177
Term: Clustered settlement (farm village)
Definition: A community where farmhouses are close together.
Flashcard #178
Term: Dispersed settlement (isolated settlement pattern)
Definition: A pattern of settlement in which homes and farms are spread out over a large area.
Flashcard #179
Term: Linear settlement pattern
Definition: Houses arranged in a line, often along a road or river.
Flashcard #180
Term: Survey methods
Definition: Techniques used to collect data.
Flashcard #181
Term: Metes and bounds
Definition: A system of describing land using physical features and direction.
Flashcard #182
Term: Township and range
Definition: A system of land surveying that divides land into townships.
Flashcard #183
Term: Long-lot survey system
Definition: A system of land distribution where land is divided into narrow parcels.
Flashcard #184
Term: Agriculture
Definition: The practice of cultivating land and raising crops.
Flashcard #185
Term: Neolithic Revolution
Definition: The transformation from nomadic to settled farming life.
Flashcard #186
Term: Domestication
Definition: The process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use.
Flashcard #187
Term: Biodiversity
Definition: The variety and variability of life forms.
Flashcard #188
Term: Hearth
Definition: The geographic point where a cultural trait originated.
Flashcard #189
Term: Diffusion
Definition: The spread of cultural traits or phenomena.
Flashcard #190
Term: Columbian Exchange
Definition: The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and the Old World.
Flashcard #191
Term: Second Agricultural Revolution
Definition: An increase in agricultural productivity through advances in technology.
Flashcard #192
Term: Seed drill
Definition: A device used to plant seeds in rows at specific depths.
Flashcard #193
Term: Mechanical reaper
Definition: A machine that harvests crops.
Flashcard #194
Term: Agrichemicals
Definition: Chemical products used in agriculture.
Flashcard #195
Term: Synthetic fertilizer
Definition: Fertilizers made from synthetic materials.
Flashcard #196
Term: Pesticide
Definition: Substances used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants.
Flashcard #197
Term: Herbicide
Definition: A substance that kills unwanted plants.
Flashcard #198
Term: Green Revolution
Definition: A period of agricultural transformation that increased food production.
Flashcard #199
Term: Hybridization
Definition: The process of breeding different varieties of plants.
Flashcard #200
Term: Double-cropping (multicropping)
Definition: Growing two crops in the same space at the same time.
Flashcard #201
Term: Environmental contamination
Definition: The introduction of pollutants into the natural environment.
Flashcard #202
Term: Soil salinization
Definition: The accumulation of salts in soil.
Flashcard #203
Term: Agribusiness
Definition: Business that provides goods and services to support agriculture.
Flashcard #204
Term: Vertical integration
Definition: A business strategy where a company controls all aspects of production.
Flashcard #205
Term: Economies of Scale
Definition: Cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to their scale of operation.
Flashcard #206
Term: Commodity
Definition: A basic good used in commerce that is interchangeable with other goods of the same type.
Flashcard #207
Term: Commodity Chain
Definition: The full range of activities and processes that take a product from conception to consumption.
Flashcard #208
Term: Carrying Capacity
Definition: The maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely.
Flashcard #209
Term: Cool Chain
Definition: A temperature-controlled supply chain.
Flashcard #210
Term: Von Thunen’s land use model
Definition: A model that explains agricultural land use in relation to a central market.
Flashcard #211
Term: Bid-rent theory
Definition: An economic theory that describes how land prices change based on proximity to a market.
Flashcard #212
Term: Horticulture
Definition: The art of garden cultivation and management.
Flashcard #213
Term: Hinterland
Definition: The area surrounding a city that is economically dependent on it.
Flashcard #214
Term: Export commodity (luxury crop)
Definition: Crops produced that are intended for sale in international markets.
Flashcard #215
Term: Subsidies
Definition: Financial assistance provided to businesses or economic sectors.
Flashcard #216
Term: Climatic comparative advantage
Definition: The benefits of an area's climate for certain crops compared to others.
Flashcard #217
Term: Single-crop economies
Definition: Economies that depend on one crop for export.
Flashcard #218
Term: Economic complementarity
Definition: The ways in which two or more economies can benefit from each other.
Flashcard #219
Term: Infrastructure
Definition: The basic physical systems of a business or nation.
Flashcard #220
Term: Deforestation
Definition: The clearing of trees, transforming a forest into cleared land.
Flashcard #221
Term: Desertification
Definition: The process of fertile land transforming into desert.
Flashcard #222
Term: Salinization
Definition: The process of increasing salt concentration in soil.
Flashcard #223
Term: Terrace Farming
Definition: A method of farming that utilizes step-like horizontal fields.
Flashcard #224
Term: Irrigation
Definition: The artificial application of water to soil.
Flashcard #225
Term: Aquifers
Definition: Underground layers of water-bearing rock.
Flashcard #226
Term: Center-Pivot Irrigation
Definition: A method of irrigation using rotating sprinkler systems.
Flashcard #227
Term: Wetlands
Definition: Ecosystems where water covers the soil, either permanently or seasonally.
Flashcard #228
Term: Biotechnology
Definition: The use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products.
Flashcard #229
Term: Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Definition: Plants or animals whose genes have been modified using genetic engineering.
Flashcard #230
Term: Aquaculture
Definition: The cultivation of aquatic organisms in controlled environments.
Flashcard #231
Term: Urban farming
Definition: Growing food in urban areas.
Flashcard #232
Term: Community Supported Agriculture
Definition: A system that connects producers and consumers through direct sales.
Flashcard #233
Term: Organic farming
Definition: Farming that relies on natural processes rather than synthetic inputs.
Flashcard #234
Term: Specialty/luxury crops
Definition: Crops that are not staple foods but are grown for high market value.
Flashcard #235
Term: Fair trade
Definition: A trading partnership that seeks greater equity in international trade.
Flashcard #236
Term: Local food movements
Definition: Efforts to promote food produced locally.
Flashcard #237
Term: Food insecurity
Definition: The state of being without reliable access to sufficient quantities of affordable, nutritious food.
Flashcard #238
Term: Food desert
Definition: An area with limited access to affordable and nutritious food.
Flashcard #239
Term: Biofuels
Definition: Fuels made from organic materials.
Flashcard #240
Term: Rural
Definition: Related to the countryside, as opposed to urban areas.
Flashcard #241
Term: Urbanization
Definition: The process of making an area more urban.
Flashcard #242
Term: Suburbanization
Definition: The process of population movement from within cities to the suburbs.
Flashcard #243
Term: Site
Definition: The physical characteristics of a location.
Flashcard #244
Term: Situation
Definition: The location of a place relative to its surroundings.
Flashcard #245
Term: Railroad/streetcar suburbs
Definition: Suburbs that developed near railroads.
Flashcard #246
Term: Redevelopment
Definition: The process of developing land to improve conditions.
Flashcard #247
Term: World city
Definition: A city that influences global economic, political, and cultural processes.
Flashcard #248
Term: Urban system
Definition: A system of interconnected cities.
Flashcard #249
Term: Urban hierarchy
Definition: The ranking of cities based on their size and economic power.
Flashcard #250
Term: Rank-size rule
Definition: The principle that the population of a city or town is inversely proportional to its rank.
Flashcard #251
Term: Primate city
Definition: The largest city in a country that dominates the urban system.
Flashcard #252
Term: Central Place Theory
Definition: A spatial theory in urban geography.
Flashcard #253
Term: Central Places
Definition: Market centers that provide goods and services to surrounding areas.
Flashcard #254
Term: Threshold
Definition: The minimum market size needed to support a business.
Flashcard #255
Term: Range
Definition: The maximum distance consumers are willing to travel to purchase goods.
Flashcard #256
Term: Gravity model
Definition: A model that predicts the interaction between two locations based on their population.
Flashcard #257
Term: Burgess Concentric zone model
Definition: A model of urban land use that explains the social structure of cities.
Flashcard #258
Term: Hoyt model or sector model
Definition: A model that describes urban land use in sectors.
Flashcard #259
Term: Harris & Ullman Multiple-nuclei model
Definition: A model that describes cities as having multiple centers of activity.
Flashcard #260
Term: Galactic city model (or peripheral model)
Definition: A model that describes urban expansion outward from a central city.
Flashcard #261
Term: Gentrification
Definition: The process of urban renewal that often displaces lower-income residents.
Flashcard #262
Term: Urban Planning
Definition: The process of designing and regulating land use in urban areas.
Flashcard #263
Term: Zoning ordinances
Definition: Laws that regulate land use and development.
Flashcard #264
Term: Residential Zones
Definition: Areas designated for housing.
Flashcard #265
Term: Inner city
Definition: The central area of a city, often characterized by poverty.
Flashcard #266
Term: Residential Density Gradient
Definition: The decrease in population density as one moves from the center of a community outward.
Flashcard #267
Term: Urban infill/infilling
Definition: The process of filling in empty spaces in urban areas.
Flashcard #268
Term: Municipal/municipality
Definition: A city or town with its own local government.
Flashcard #269
Term: Public Transportation
Definition: Transport services that are available for use by the general public.
Flashcard #270
Term: Mixed land use
Definition: The practice of integrating residential, commercial, and institutional uses.
Flashcard #271
Term: Smart-growth
Definition: A planning strategy that seeks to develop communities in a sustainable way.
Flashcard #272
Term: New Urbanism
Definition: An urban design movement promoting walkable neighborhoods.
Flashcard #273
Term: Greenbelt
Definition: A policy and land use strategy that limits urban sprawl.
Flashcard #274
Term: Transit-oriented development
Definition: The planning of urban areas to maximize proximity to public transport.
Flashcard #275
Term: Slow-growth city
Definition: A city that aims to limit population growth to maintain quality of life.
Flashcard #276
Term: Urban sprawl
Definition: The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas.
Flashcard #277
Term: Ecological footprint
Definition: A measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems.
Flashcard #278
Term: Brownfield
Definition: A property that may be contaminated by a hazardous substance.
Flashcard #279
Term: Urban redevelopment
Definition: The process of improving areas within a city.
Flashcard #280
Term: Redlining
Definition: The practice of denying services based on location.
Flashcard #281
Term: Racial segregation
Definition: The separation of people into racial or ethnic groups.
Flashcard #282
Term: Blockbusting
Definition: A real estate practice that exploited racial fears to encourage white flight.
Flashcard #283
Term: Inclusionary zoning
Definition: Policies that require a portion of new housing to be affordable.
Flashcard #284
Term: Urban renewal
Definition: The redevelopment of urban areas.
Flashcard #285
Term: Eminent domain
Definition: The right of a government to take private property for public use.
Flashcard #286
Term: Informal settlements
Definition: Urban areas where inhabitants have no legal claim to the land.
Flashcard #287
Term: Land Tenure
Definition: The way land is owned and managed.
Flashcard #288
Term: Zones of abandonment
Definition: Areas that have been abandoned or left undeveloped.
Flashcard #289
Term: Environmental injustice/racism
Definition: The disproportionate impact of environmental hazards on people of color.
Flashcard #290
Term: Industry
Definition: The production of goods and services.
Flashcard #291
Term: Cottage Industries
Definition: Small-scale industries involving home-based production.
Flashcard #292
Term: Industrial Revolution
Definition: The period of rapid industrial growth and development.
Flashcard #293
Term: Industrial belt
Definition: A region with a concentration of industries.
Flashcard #294
Term: Deindustrialization
Definition: The decline of industrial activity in a region.
Flashcard #295
Term: Rust belt
Definition: Regions in the US characterized by declining industry and population.
Flashcard #296
Term: Least-cost theory
Definition: A theory that states businesses will locate where it costs them the least.
Flashcard #297
Term: Bulk reducing industry
Definition: Industries that locate near raw materials.
Flashcard #298
Term: Bulk gaining industry
Definition: Industries that locate near markets.
Flashcard #299
Term: Break-of-bulk point
Definition: A location where transportation costs are lower.
Flashcard #300
Term: Shipping containers (containerization)
Definition: The use of standardized containers for shipping.
Flashcard #301
Term: Comparative advantage
Definition: The ability of a country to produce goods at a lower opportunity cost.
Flashcard #302
Term: Complementarity
Definition: The relationship between two places where one provides what the other needs.
Flashcard #303
Term: Free trade (free trade agreement)
Definition: Trade agreements that reduce barriers between countries.
Flashcard #304
Term: Neoliberal policies
Definition: Economic policies that promote free-market capitalism.
Flashcard #305
Term: Tariff
Definition: A tax imposed on imported goods.
Flashcard #306
Term: Trading blocs
Definition: Groups of countries that promote trade amongst themselves.
Flashcard #307
Term: Mercosur
Definition: A South American trade bloc.
Flashcard #308
Term: World Trade Organization
Definition: An intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.
Flashcard #309
Term: European Union (EU)
Definition: A political and economic union of European countries.
Flashcard #310
Term: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Definition: An intergovernmental organization of oil-exporting nations.
Flashcard #311
Term: International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Definition: An international organization that aims to promote global financial stability.
Flashcard #312
Term: Outsourcing
Definition: The practice of obtaining goods or services from external sources.
Flashcard #313
Term: Offshoring
Definition: The relocation of business processes to a lower-cost country.
Flashcard #314
Term: International division of labor
Definition: The specialization of labor across different countries.
Flashcard #315
Term: Transnational/multinational corporations
Definition: Companies that operate in multiple countries.
Flashcard #316
Term: Export-processing zones (EPZs)
Definition: Designated areas in countries with special economic regulations.
Flashcard #317
Term: Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
Definition: Areas in a country with economic laws that are more free-market oriented.
Flashcard #318
Term: Maquiladoras
Definition: Factories in Mexico run by a foreign company.
Flashcard #319
Term: Free-trade zones (FTZs)
Definition: Areas where goods may be landed and stored without the usual tariffs.
Flashcard #320
Term: Post-industrialism
Definition: An economy that has moved beyond manufacturing to services.
Flashcard #321
Term: Fordism
Definition: The system of mass production that is characteristic of modern industrial economies.
Flashcard #322
Term: Substitution Principle
Definition: when one location or resource is no longer viable, another can be substituted, allowing for continued economic activity or development.
Flashcard #323
Term: post-Fordism
Definition: a shift in manufacturing and economic organization from the mass production and standardization of Fordism to a more flexible, specialized, and adaptable system
Flashcard #324
Term: Just-in-time-delivery
Definition: a supply chain management strategy that minimizes inventory and waste by delivering goods or materials to a production process only when they are needed, rather than holding large stockpiles.
Flashcard #325
Term: Agglomeration
Definition: the concentration of economic activities, industries, or people in a specific location, leading to benefits like cost reductions and efficiency gains due to proximity.
Flashcard #326
Term: Technopoles
Definition: specialized areas or regions that focus on the development and promotion of high-tech industries and advanced technology.
Flashcard #327
Term: Growth poles (growth centers)
Definition: specific areas or regions that are identified as having the potential for significant economic development and growth.
Flashcard #328
Term: Sustainable Development Goals
Definition: a set of 17 interconnected goals adopted by the United Nations in 2015 to address global challenges by 2030, focusing on ending poverty, protecting the planet, and ensuring peace and prosperity for all.
Flashcard #329
Term: Ecotourism
Definition: a form of tourism that prioritizes environmental conservation and the well-being of local communities, focusing on responsible travel to natural areas for education and enjoyment.