Weapons of War
Lecture Overview: Weapons of War - Toxins, Secretion Systems and Virulence Factors
What is a Virulence Factor?
Components that enable bacteria to establish infections and cause disease.
Bacterial Toxins (Key Examples)
Cholera Toxin - causes severe dehydrating diarrhea.
Pneumolysin - primarily affects respiratory systems, causing cell lysis.
Shiga Toxin - inhibits protein synthesis; linked to bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome.
Botulinum Toxin - causes flaccid paralysis by blocking acetylcholine release.
Stages of Infection
Transmission - sharing pathogenic bacterium.
Adhesion - binding to host cells (e.g., P fimbriae).
Entry - pathogens invade host.
Invasion - deeper penetration into tissues.
Immune Evasion - avoiding host immune responses (e.g., capsules).
Host Damage - causing disease symptoms.
Competition - outcompeting host microbes for resources.
Role of Toxins in Virulence
Toxins serve varied roles including immune evasion, direct damage to host cells, and facilitating transmission.
Key Secretion Systems in Bacteria
Type III Secretion System (T3SS): A needle-like structure that injects proteins directly into host cells, manipulating their functions.
Type VI Secretion System (T6SS): Fires toxins at competing bacteria or host cells, aiding in bacterial competition and colonization.
Summary of Key Toxins
Toxin | Produced By | Structure | Action | Effect on Host | Role in Disease/ Transmission |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cholera toxin | Vibrio cholerae | AB5 Toxin | Increases cAMP | Watery diarrhea | Transmission via stool |
Shiga toxin | Shigella dysenteriae / E. coli O157:H7 | AB5 Toxin | Inhibits protein synthesis | Cell death, bloody diarrhea | Local gut damage, renal complications |
Botulinum toxin | Clostridium botulinum | Two-chain toxin | Cleaves SNARE proteins | Flaccid paralysis | Creates environment for spores |
Pneumolysin | Streptococcus pneumoniae | Pore-forming toxin | Cell lysis | Inflammation and immune modulation | Aids colonization and transmission |
Applications of Toxins in Medicine
Medical Therapeutics: Botox for dystonia; engineered toxins for cancer therapy.
Vaccines: Use of toxoids for immunization strategies.