WW1

  1. What caused World War I?

    1. Nationalism: extreme ______patriotic__________feelings that one’s country is superior.

      1. Various countries throughout Europe tried to _____exert______their influence and ________prove_________their dominance and power.

      2. Many ______________ethnic groups_______ sought to break away from a country they did not identify with.

    2. Imperialism: when a country ____extends________their power, influence, and wealth by bringing additional areas under their ________control_________.

      1. Various countries in Europe (and elsewhere) were competing with each other for _______colonies__________in Africa, Asia, and the Americas for access to __________raw materials and labor_________________.

    3. Militarism: an “______arms race________” ravaged Europe in the early 20th century as countries sought ______superiority_____over their neighbors.

      1. Military _____budgets_____across Europe was burgeoning, which further increased tension.

    4. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

      1. The ______heir______to the Austria-Hungary crown, Archduke _____Franz Ferdinand_________, was assassinated in June 1914 by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip.

        1. Princip was a member of a Serbian terrorist group called “The ____Black Hand____.”

        2. First attempt failed when driver dodged a _____grenade______ tossed at Ferdinand’s car.

          1. However, he was ___shot_______later that day.

        3. Web of Alliances across Europe

          1. In order to ____protect____themselves, countries throughout Europe sought mutual ______defense_____alliances, where if one were attacked, the others come to their defense.

            1. Before the war, the following defense alliances were established:

              1. Russia and Serbia

              2. Germany and Austria-Hungary

              3. France and Russia

              4. Britain, France, and Belgium

              5. Japan and Britain

            2. When the ___archduke_______was assassinated…

              1. Austria-Hungary declared war on ____Serbia_______…

              2. so ___Russia______ got involved (to defend Serbia) and declared war on A-H…

              3. then Germany_________declared war on Russia…

              4. now ___France_____has to get involved (to defend Russia) and was drawn into a war against Germany and Austria-Hungary…

              5. Germany attacks France, which then forces ___Britain______________, ____Belgium_____, and Japan to enter the war.

            3. The entire __continent________was at war in the blink of an eye, with many countries fighting against others with whom they had no problem.

 

  1. The Austria-Hungary Ultimatum

    1. The assassination was viewed as an attempt by __Serbian___ nationalists to break the unity of the nation.

    2. After linking his murder to the Serbian “Black Hand” terrorist group, an _____ultimatum______was given to the Serbian government:

      1. ____Suppress____any and all publication that incites hatred toward the Austria-Hungary government

      2. Dissolve the Serbian _____military________.

      3. Destroy school ___textbooks______that contain anti-Austria-Hungary propaganda.

      4. Remove from the Serbian government and military ____any name_______provided by the A-H government.

      5. Bring to ________court_________ (and punish) those responsible for Ferdinand’s demise.

    3. The Serbians refuse the ultimatum – after gaining support from __Russia_______that they would intervene in any confrontation.

    4. This was known as the ________July Crisis_________, as the movement of troops in Europe in reaction to Serbia’s rejection launched a full-on war on July 28, 1914.

 

  1. The Two Sides

    1. Triple ____Entente______: Britain, Russia, France

      1. Lesser allies: Belgium, Greece, Serbia, Montenegro, Portugal, Romania, and eventually the United States, Japan, and Italy (who switches sides).

      2. All together make up the ___Allied Powers________.

    2. Triple ____Alliance_______: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

      1. Italy leaves and joins Allied Powers after convinced by Britain and France they could gain territory from Austria.

    3. Lesser allies: Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire

    4. Together make up the ___Central Powers_________.

  2. The expectation was that the war would last a ____week____– however, neither side could gain an advantage and a stalemate ensued.

  3. Often called “______The Great War___________” since it involved so many countries

    1. Also called “___The War to End All Wars_______” since many assumed that once it was over, it would never happen again.

 

  1. The Schlieffen Plan

    1. German plan to win the war based on successfully attacking _____two fronts_____and winning quickly.

      1. March through ______Belgium_________and heavily attack and overload ________France_________ (the west) first…

      2. Then after forcing the French to accept peace, the Germans would move east and attack _________Russia________.

        1. Believed Russians would be slow to ______mobilize___________

        2. __________Britain_______now forced to enter the war since their allies, France and Belgium, were attacked.

 

  1. The First Battle of the ________Marne_________was the culmination of the German advanced into France.

    1. Germany had _______advanced__________through Belgium and France relatively easily and most assumed the _______Schlieffen_____Plan would work flawlessly.

      1. The sides meet just east of _______Paris_____, France

      2. Major turning point in the war as ______France________and _______Britain______win against Germany

        1. Germany forced to ____retreat______and left quick victory in France hopeless

        2. Led to four years of trench warfare ____stalemate_____________between both sides on the Western Front.

 

  1. Trench Warfare

    1. After German ____defeat________at Marne, both the Allied and Central armies fell into a stalemate.

      1. A state in a war where neither side is _____winning______.

      2. The stalemate will drag on for _____four_____years.

      3. The stalemate encouraged the use of _______Trench Warfare____________.

    2. Both sides create permanent lines of ___fortifications_________dug into the ground to guard against attacks.

      1. Offensive attacks are very _____costly_________as soldiers can attack from the trenches and cannot easily be hit.

        1. “____No man’s land__________” is the territory between the trenches that neither army wants to take due to how deadly it is.

        2. Often filled with _______barbed wire________and _______land mines_____________to serve as protection from the other side occupying the territory.

  1. New Technology

    1. The use of new weapons makes WWI extremely deadly.

      1. Poisonous Gas

        1. __Chlorine______and ____mustard_______gases were used by the Germans.

          1. The gas attacked the eyes and __respiratory system______

          2. Extremely deadly and outlawed by ________international_____________ law following the war.

        2. Armored Tanks

          1. British and French first to use them, but broke down _______often__________.

            1. By _1917______, tanks were much more reliable in war.

          2. Airplanes

            1. Planes were small by today’s standards but mounted _______machine guns________made them a deadly weapon.

          3. Submarines

            1. Britain, France, Russia, and the US all had ____submarine________forces before the war.

            2. Germany developed U-boats (“Unterseeboot” = “_____undersea boat_________”) in early 1900s.

 

  1. The Eastern Front

    1. The Eastern front was much different than the ___trench warfare___________, stalemate of the west.

      1. Featured ______mass______armies, ______sweeping_______movements, and _____innovation_______in tactics and technology.

      2. Like the west though, the conflict ____dragged_______on for years with neither side able to deliver a ___decisive_______blow.

      3. Began when Russians launched an ____offensive_____against Germany in August 1914.

        1. The Schlieffen Plan was based on the assumption that Russia, a ____gigantic_____country with poor access to ____railroads________and waterways, would take weeks or even months to _____mobilize________

          1. However, within ______two weeks______, the Russians had a double-pronged attack to hit both Germany and Austria-Hungary.

          2. The first attack was to hit East ___Prussia_____with two 200,000 men armies with the goal to ___overrun______the territory.

            1. Russians force the ____Germans________________to retreat at Stalluponen; the Germans regroup and appoint a new, experienced commander: Paul von _Hindenburg_______.

              1. Hindenburg ____outwits_______the Russian commanders, uses ___intercepted______battle plans to his advantage, and the Germans push the Russians back and hold their ground.

            2. The Russians launched a massive ___counter-attack_________in 1916, but ____failed________as a result of poor morale and inadequate equipment.

              1. The economic costs of war, and its failure, weakened Tsar Nicholas II democratic government and led to the ______Bolshevik Revolution__________, led by ______Vladimir Lenin______________, in 1917.

                1. Lenin established the ______Soviet Union_________, a communist state.

  1. The US Enters the War

    1. By 1917, it seemed likely that the US would enter the war on the side of the _Allied Powers__________.

      1. In May 1815, a ____German_______U-boat fired on the RMS ____Lusitania______, the world’s largest passenger ship for no apparent reason.

        1. The Germans fired on the passenger ship in ___retaliation_____for the United Kingdom’s recent blockade on German ports.

        2. Caused a storm of protest in the US because __128____ Americans aboard were killed.

      2. In January 1917, Germans offered ___Mexico______a secret deal in the ______Zimmerman_____Telegram:

        1. If Mexico joins Germany in a war against the US, Mexico could regain Texas, California, Arizona, and New Mexico, all territory lost in the ______Mexican-American War_______in 1848.

          1. Outraged Americans called for war

        2. On August 2, 1917, President _____Woodrow Wilson__________asked Congress to declare war on the Central Powers.

      3. Led by General _____Jack Pershing_________, over 1 million men would endure 360,000 casualties.

        1. US forces helped swing the balance of war and stop a ___Renewed_______German offensive in 1918.

        2. The first US battle was the _Second________Battle of the Marne.

          1. US forces hold the ______Allied_____line and make it Germany’s ____last________ major offensive of the war.

 

 

  1. Armistice

    1. The German government calls for an ______armistice______over the Western Front (an agreement made by both sides to stop ______fighting_______for a certain time).

      1. Both sides, from this point on, talk about ___peace________.

      2. November 11 is made a national holiday in many Western Nation (______Armistice Day________) and in the US it is called _______Veterans Day_______.

 

1919. The Paris Peace Conference started in January 1919.

  1. The ___________________ Attended

    1. The heads of the four major Allied nations called the Big Four and would write the treaty to end World War I:

      1. US: President Woodrow ___Wilson________

      2. UK: Prime Minister David Lloyd __George_______

      3. France: Prime Minister __Georges______Clemenceau

      4. Italy: Prime Minister Vittorio ____Orlando________

    2. All want ______Different__________things:

      1. US wants “_______peace without a victory_________” to move on from event and avoid resentment.

      2. UK and France want to punish Germany severely

      3. Italy wants to gain ___land______ from Austria-Hungary

    3. Woodrow Wilson’s “Fourteen Points”

      1. Plan for ____lasting____ peace in Europe that would satisfy Allies while being fair to Central Powers.

        1. France and Britain would not _____stand_______for it

      2. Advocated for ____policies________that would benefit all nations, like ____free trade________, open _______democracies________, autonomy for ethnic groups, no secret ______alliances_______, return of land taken before war.

      3. Wilson was awarded ________Nobel Peace Prize__________for his peace-making efforts.

      4. Wilson’s health deteriorated toward the end of the conference, which allowed ____France_____to advance demands much different than the __14____ points.

    4. Treaty of _____Versailles_______officially ended World War I

      1. Germany signs ____humiliating______treaty that is forced upon them.

        1. Forced to admit ____guilt_______for the war.

      2. Germany agrees to repay Allied Powers ____32 billion______ gold marks as part of its guilt.

        1. Officially repaid on October 10, 2010.

      3. Germany lost all overseas _____colonies_________as well as recent _____land______ taken from France (Saar Valley and Alsace-Lorraine).

        1. Poland is reborn in ____1919_____ with land taken from Germany, Austria, and Russia.

      4. Germany was forbidden from having an ___air force______, an army larger than _____100,000______soldiers, and a navy larger than _____15,000___soldiers.

        1. Could not have ___submarines____and very limited battleships.

        2. Troops could never occupy the ___Rhineland________ (borders France).

      5. _______Austria-Hungary________was broken apart into Austria and Hungary.

    5. Effects of Versailles

      1. Germany was crushed, her people humiliated, and its economy will tumble

      2. It creates an environment in Germany where people turn more _____nationalistic_____and hold bitter _____resentments______for generations.

        1. Allows for rise of _____Nazi Party________and ___Adolf Hitler__________ in 1930s as he provides inspiration and hope to the _______downtrodden_______German people.

      3. ___________________________was created

        1. International organization that met in _____Gineva_____, Switzerland.

        2. Goals included __disarmament________, prevent war through collective ____security________, and the settling of disputes through ______negotiation_______and diplomacy.

        3. Lacked an _________armed force___________of its own, and the US never joined the organization – both which led to its ____downfall________ (and the outbreak of World War II).

          1. Many other ____countries___________left the League too (Germany, Spain, Italy)

          2. ______United Nations___________follows after WWII and is much stronger.