AP World HIstory Study Guide

TOPIC 1.1 Developments in East Asia from c. 1200 to c. 1450

## ey.

• Economic Developments in Postclassical China

• The Grand Canal: Facilitated efficient waterway transport, making China a major trading hub.

• Gunpowder: Gunpowder technology spread from China to Eurasia via the Silk Roads.

• Agriculture: Advanced irrigation and heavy plows increased food production and population growth.

• Tributes: Other states paid money or goods to honor the Chinese emperor for income.

  Social Structures in China

• The Song government aided the poor and established public hospitals.

• Women were expected to defer to men, exemplified by foot binding.

  Religious Diversity in China

• Buddhism arrived from India via the Silk Roads.

• Three forms of Buddhism: Theravada, Mahayana, and Tibetan Buddhism shaped Asia with different emphases.

• Followed the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.

• Neo-Confucianism: A syncretic system evolved, blending rational thought with Daoism and Buddhism.

  JAPAN

  Feudalism

• Japan was a feudal society without a centralized government for centuries.

• Landowning aristocrats (daimyo) fought for control, while most people were rice farmers.

  Government

• In 1192, the Minamoto clan installed a shogun (military ruler).

• Japan experienced regional rivalries for four centuries.

• A strong central government unifying the country emerged in the 17th century.

  KOREA

  Connection to China

• Korea had a direct relationship with China and a tributaryDynamicField relationship.

• It centralized its government like China adopting Confucian and Buddhist beliefs.

  Aristocracy

• Korea maintained a powerful landed aristocracy, limiting social mobility, unlike China.

  VIETNAM

  Social Structures

• Vietnamese women had greater independence than Chinese women.

• Vietnamese preferred nuclear families.

• Villages operated independently with nonexistent political centralization.

• Officials owed allegiance to the village peasants, using a merit-based bureaucracy.

  TOPIC 1.2 Developments in Dar al-Islam from c. 1200 to c. 1450

  Innovations

• Mathematics: Nasir al-Din al-Tusi laid the foundation for trigonometry as a separate subject.

• Literature: ‘A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah was a prolific female Muslim writer.

• Medicine: Medical advances and hospital care improved with licensed doctors and pharmacists.

  Social Structures

• Islamic society valued merchants more than European and Asian societies.

• Merchants grew rich via trade on the Silk Roads and the Indian Ocean.

• Muslim women had higher status than Christian or Jewish women.

• They could inherit and retain property and remarry if widowed with cash settlements if divorced.

• Women could practice birth control.

  Transfers

• Preservation and commentaries on Greek moral and natural philosophy.

• House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad.

• Scholarly and cultural transfers occurred in Muslim and Christian Spain.

  Islamic Rule in Spain

• Muslim forces invaded Spain in 711.

• Muslims ruled Spain for seven centuries.

• Umayyad rulers in Córdoba promoted toleration among Muslims, Christians, and Jews.

• They promoted trade with Chinese and Southeast Asian products.

  TOPIC 1.3 Developments in South and Southeast Asia from c. 1200 to c. 1450

  SOUTH ASIA

  Political Structures in South Asia

• Southern India was more stable than northern India.

• The Chola Dynasty reigned over southern India for over 400 years (850—1267).

• The Rajput kingdoms formed in northern India and present-day Pakistan after the fall of the Gupta Empire.

• The Delhi Sultanate brought Islam to India, reigning for 300 years (13th-16th centuries).

  Religion in South Asia

• Most South Asians practiced Hinduism before Islam.

• Differences between Hinduism and Islam: Hindus are polytheistic, while Muslims are monotheistic. Hindu art contains deities, while Muslims disapprove of visual representation of Allah.

• Hinduism is associated with a caste system, while Islam promotes equality.

• Hindus recognize many texts, compared to the Quran as the ultimate guidance.

  Social Structures in South Asia

• Islam's arrival did little to alter the basic societal structure

• Most people failed to escape the caste system grip.

• India’s caste system remained a historical continuity.

• Bhakti Movement: Emphasized emotion in spiritual life and devotion to a particular deity.

  SOUTHEAST ASIA

• South Asia strongly influenced its neighbors in Southeast Asia.

  Sea-Based Kingdoms

• Srivijaya Empire (670-1025): A Hindu kingdom based in Sumatra, prospered by controlling sea routes; charged fees for ships between India and China.

• Majapahit Kingdom (1293-1520): A Buddhist kingdom based in Java with 98 tributaries; controlled sea routes.

  Land-Based Kingdoms

• Sinhala Dynasties in Sri Lanka originated with merchants from northern India; Buddhism became central.

• Khmer Empire (802-1431): Near the Mekong River, prosperous due to complex irrigation systems.

  TOPIC 1.4 State Building in the Americas

  The Mississippian Culture

• The First large-scale civilization in North America.

• It started in Mississippi River Valley.

• The Mississippian society had a rigid class structure and a matrilineal society

  The Maya City-States

• Mayan civilization reached its height between 250 and 900 CE

• Mayans stretched over the southern part of Mexico and much of what is now Belize, Honduras, and Guatemala

• The main source of Mayan government was the city-state, each ruled by a king and consisting of a city and its surrounding territory.

• Each Mayan king claimed to be a descendant of a god (divine right)

• Mayan science and religion were linked through astronomy

  The Aztecs

• The Aztecs were originally hunter-gatherers who migrated to central Mexico from the north in the 1200s.

• In 1325, they founded their capital Tenochtitlan on what is now Mexico City.

• They built a network of aqueducts and a pyramid that rose $150$ feet into the air.

• Aztecs developed a tributary system

• Aztec government was a theocracy, in which religious leaders had the power

• They worshipped hundreds of deities

• Worship involved many rituals, feast days, and human sacrifices.

• Women were important in the Aztec tribute system, making valuable cloth.

  The Inca

• The Incan Empire was split into four provinces, each with its own bureaucracy.

• Instead of a tributary system, they used the mit’a system (mandatory public service).

• Inca means “people of the sun,” and Inti (the sun god) was most important.

• Priests diagnosed illnesses, solved crimes, predicted battles, and determined sacrifices.

• The Inca developed terrace systems for crops like potatoes and maize.

• In 1533, the Spanish conquered the core of the empire.

  TOPIC 1.5 State Building in Africa

  Political Structures in Inland Africa

• Sub-Saharan Africa was shaped by Bantu migrations.

• Communities formed kin-based networks.

• Villages became districts, and chiefs solved problems.

  Political Structures of West and East Africa

• The exchange of goods brought wealth, power, and diversity.

• Islam spread, adding to religious diversity including animism and Christianity.

• Mali: A powerful trading society that arose as Ghana weakened (12th century).

• Zimbabwe: Prospered via agriculture, grazing, trade, and gold.

• Ethiopia: Flourished by trading with India, Arabia, Rome, and the African interior; Christianity was prominent.

  Social Structures of Sub-Saharan Africa

• Communities were organized around kinship, age, and gender

• Men dominated activities requiring specialized skills

• Women engaged in agriculture and food gathering

• Enslaved people increased social status and demand created an Indian Ocean slave trade.

  Cultural Life in Sub-Saharan Africa

• Ancestor veneration influenced song lyrics and communication with the spirit world.

• African music had distinctive rhythms and percussive elements.

• Visual arts often served a religious purpose.

• Griots (storytellers) preserved community history.

  TOPIC 1.6 Developments in Europe from c. 1200 to c. 1450

  Feudalism: Political and Social Systems

• Feudalism provided security, equipment, and land.

• Wealth was measured in land.

• The manorial system ensured self-sufficiency and defense, limiting trade.

  Political Trends in the Later Middle Ages

• Monarchies grew stronger at the expense of feudal lords, using bureaucracy and military.

• King Philip II of France developed a real bureaucracy.

• The Estates-General advised the king, representing the clergy, nobility, and commoners.

• The Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) stimulated unity under monarchs.

  Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages

• The Christian Church split into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox in 1054 (Great Schism).

• The Church established the first universities.

• Religious leaders were philosophers and writers

• The Church held great power in the feudal system

• Regional religious leaders (bishops) owed allegiance to the pope

• Wealth and power led to corruption (13th-14th centuries)

  Christian Crusades

• Europeans sought to reclaim the Holy Land.

• Economic and social trends spurred invasions of the Middle East.

• The Crusades were European military campaigns (1095-1200s).

  Economic and Social Change

• The middle class (bourgeoisie) grew.

• Renewed commerce led to larger cities and markets.

• Jews: Faced anti-Semitism and expulsions.

• Muslims: Faced discrimination and expulsion.

• Women lost rights due to patriarchal thinking.

  Renaissance

• The Renaissance revived interest in Greek and Roman culture.

• Gutenberg’s printing press enabled mass production and spread of ideas.

• Humanism focused on individuals rather than God.

  TOPIC 1.7 Comparisons in the Period from c. 1200 to c. 1450

  State-Building and New Empires

• The Song Dynasty progressed.

• The Abbasid Caliphate fragmented.

• Mali created a centralized government.

• The Aztecs used a tributary system, and the Incas used the mit’a system.

• Feudal ties decreased in Western Europe but not in Eastern Europe.

• Japan decentralized and became more feudal.

  Four Types of State-Building, c.1200-c.1450

• Emergence of New States: States arise on land once controlled by another empire.

  • Examples: Mamluk Empire, Seljuk Empire, Delhi Sultanate

• Revival of Former Empires: New leadership continues or rebuilds a previous empire.

  • Examples: Song Dynasty, Mali Empire, Holy Roman Empire

• Synthesis of Different Traditions: A state adapts foreign ideas to local conditions.

  • Examples: Japan, Delhi Sultanate, Neo-Confucianism

• Expansion in Scope: An existing state expands its influence.

  • Examples: Incas, Aztecs, East Africa, Southeast Asia

  State-Building through Trade

• Increased trade powered cross-cultural exchange.

• Paper manufacturing spread across Eurasia, increasing literacy.

• Europe benefited from exchanges with the Middle East and Asia

  Patriarchy and Religion

• Social organization remained patriarchal.

• Convents and religious communities provided opportunities for women.

• Foot binding limited women’s independence in China.

  Unit 2: Network of Exchange: 8%-10% of the AP test (c. 1200 to c. 1450)

  TOPIC 2.1 The Silk Roads

  Causes of the Growth of Exchange Networks

• The Crusades: Introduced fabrics and spices from the East.

• Rise of the Mongol Empire: Unified the Silk Roads, respected merchants, and improved safety.

  • Improved roads and punished bandits

• Improvements in Transportation: Camel saddles and Chinese naval technology.

  • (rudder and magnetic compass)

  Effects of the Growth of Exchange Networks

• Cities along rivers became trade centers.

• China developed credit systems (flying cash).

• Increased demand led to expanded production.

• Expansion of iron and steel manufacturing in China.

  TOPIC 2.2 The Mongol Empire and the Making of the Modern World

  Genghis Khan

• In 1210, Genghis Khan attacked the Jin Empire.

• In 1219, conquered the Kara Khitai and Khwarazm Empires.

• By 1227, his kingdom stretched from the North China Sea to Persia.

• Mongolian soldiers were skilled riders and archers.

• He promoted religious tolerance and established new trade channels.

  Mongolian Empire Expands

• Genghis Khan's grandsons expanded the empire.

• Batu: Conquered Russian kingdoms (Golden Horde).

  • Resistance to the Mongols laid foundation for modern Russia.

  The Long-Term Impact of the Mongolian Invasions

• Largest continuous land empire in history.

• Built roads and maintained trade routes.

• Transferred Greco-Islamic knowledge to Europe.

• Centralization of power continued after Mongol decline

• Mongol fighting techniques led to end of knights in armor

  TOPIC 2.3 Exchange in the Indian Ocean

  Causes of Expanded Exchange in the Indian Ocean

• Spread of Islam: Connected more cities.

• Increased demand for specialized products.

• Trade of enslaved people

• Advances in maritime technology

• Growth of States: helped institutionalize revenue from trade.

  Effects of Expanded Exchange in the Indian Ocean

• Diasporic Communities: Merchants waiting for favorable winds interacted with local cultures.

• Swahili City-States: Thriving city-states emerged on the East African coast.

  TOPIC 2.4 Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

  Trans-Saharan Trade

• Became famous by the end of the 8th century C.E.

• Gold was a precious commodity.

• It brought wealth to West Africa, especially Ghana and Mali.

• Islam spread into Sub-Saharan Africa.

  West African Empire Expansion

• Mali profited from the gold trade and other taxes.

• Timbuktu and Gao became centers of Muslim life.

• Trade growth required administration and currencies.

  Empires in Western Eurasia and Africa in the 13th Century

• Mali: West Africa; Timbuktu; Connected West and North Africa through trade; Spread Islam

• Al-Andalus: Spain; Cordoba; Created a vibrant, tolerant society; Preserved Greek learning

• Byzantine Empire: Middle East; Constantinople; Carried on Roman legacy

• Kievan Rus: Russia; Kiev; Developed first large civilization in Russia; Spread Christianity

  TOPIC 2.5 Cultural Consequences of Connectivity

  Influence of Buddhism on East Asian Culture

• Buddhism from India spread via the Silk Roads.

• Japan and Korea adopted Buddhism and Confucianism; educated elite studied Confucian classics.

  Spread of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam

• Indian religions spread to Southeast Asia.

• Srivijaya (Hindu) and Majapahit (Buddhist) Kingdoms emerged.

• Islam spread over Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.

  Scientific and Technological Innovations

• Science and technology traveled trade routes.

• Islamic scholars translated Greek classics.

• Scholars brought mathematics texts from India and papermaking from China.

• Advances in hospital care, including surgery.

  TOPIC 2.6 Environmental Consequences of Connectivity

  Agricultural Effects of Exchange Networks

• China's population growth led to migration to Champa rice regions.

• Environmental Degradation: Overgrazing led to abandonment of Great Zimbabwe.

  Spread of Epidemics through Exchange Networks

• The Mongol conquests transmitted the Bubonic Plague.

• The Black Death killed one-third of Europe’s population.

  TOPIC 2.7 Comparison of Economic Exchange

  Similarities among Networks of Exchange

• Silk Roads: Luxury goods between East Asia and Europe.

• Indian Ocean: Heavy goods exchanged between East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and Southwest Asia.

• Trans-Saharan: Salt from North Africa traded for gold from West Africa.

  Exchange Effects

• Trade routes gave rise to trading cities.

• Trading cities led to centralization.

• Standardized currency facilitated trade.

  Unit 3: Land-Based Empires: 12%-15% of the AP test (c. 1200 to c. 1450)

  TOPIC 3.1 Empires Expand

  The Gunpowder Empires

• Large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia relying on firearms.

• Included the Russian, Ottoman, Safavid, and the Mughal Empires.

  Europe

• The mid-1400s saw the end of plagues, the Hundred Years’ War, and the Gutenberg printing press.

  Russia

• Linked to Europe; also influenced by Mongol influence.

• Ivan IV (the Terrible) expanded the Russian border eastward

  East Asia

• China's Yuan Dynasty was replaced by the Ming Dynasty

• The Portuguese and Europeans aimed to encroach on the Asian trade network during the Ming era.

• The Qing Dynasty seized power in 1644 (Manchu).

• Japan and Korea experienced parallel but unique developments.

  Rise of the Islamic Gunpowder Empires

• Leaders shared traits: Turkic nomads, Turkic language, Mongol power vacuums, gunpowder weapons

  TOPIC 3.2 Empires: Administration

  Centralizing Control in Europe

• England's King James believed in divine right.

• The Tudors relied on justices of the peace.

• The French government became more absolute

  Reigning in Control of the Russian Empire

• Boyars (landowners) were at the top, followed by merchants and peasants.

• Peter the Great: Romanov Dynasty took control in 1613.

  • Peter reorganized the government into provinces with salaried officials.

  Legitimizing Power through Religion and Art

• St. Petersburg's Winter Palace showed Peter’s admiration for western Europe.

• Askia the Great of Songhai: Made Islam the official religion and supported an efficient bureaucracy.

  Ottoman Architectural and Artistic Achievements

• Istanbul remained a center of arts and learning

• Cultural contributions included the restoration of Constantinople’s buildings.

  TOPIC 3.3 Empires: Belief Systems

  Protestant Reformation

• Lutheranism: Martin Luther believed church practices violated biblical teachings.

  • He objected to indulgences and simony and advocated “sola fide.”

• Calvinism: John Calvin reformed Geneva, emphasizing plain living and governance by church elders.

• Anglicanism: King Henry VIII set himself as head of the Church of England

  Counter-Reformation or Catholic Reformation

• Increased Inquisition, the Society of Jesus, and the Council of Trent to maintain Catholicism

  Wars of Religion

• Germany: The Peace of Augsburg (1555) allowed states to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism.

• France: The Edict of Nantes provided religious toleration for Huguenots.

• Thirty Years’ War: Culminated in the Peace of Westphalia, allowing states to choose Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism.

  Scientific Revolution

• Scientific thinking grew popular in northern Europe.

• Francis Bacon developed empiricism.

• Isaac Newton published $Principia$ on gravitational force.

  TOPIC 3.4 Comparison in Land-Based Empires

  Military Might

• The Ottoman sultan and Safavid shah used slave soldiers in Janissaries and Ghulams.

• The Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire went to war over the territorial claims each had at its border.

  Centralized Bureaucracy

• Ottoman Empire: Placed taxes on non-Muslims and peasants.

• Safavid Empire: Used taxation to encourage adherence to Shi’a Islam.

• Mughal Empire: Abolished taxes on unbelievers (later reinstated) and placed taxes on peasants.

• The Ming Empire: Issued (unsuccessfully) paper money

  Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections: 12%-15% of the AP test (c. 1200 to c. 1450)

  TOPIC 4.1 Technological Innovations from 1450 to 1750

  Developments of Transoceanic Travel and Trade

• Columbus connected people via the Atlantic Ocean.

• Europeans traded between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas.

  • Sugar, tobacco, and rum from the Americas

  • Enslaved people from Africa

  • Silk spices and rhubarb from Asia

  Classical, Islamic, and Asian Technology

• Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator supported exploration.

• Newton’s discovery of gravitation improved knowledge of the tides.

• Improvements in cartography and ship types occurred.

  TOPIC 4.2 Explorations: Causes and Events from 1450 to 1750

  Comparison of Transoceanic Voyages, c. 1300—c. 1800

• China (Zheng He): India, Middle East, Africa; Trade and culture; China stopped exploring

• England (John Cabot): North America; Sea route to the East; Claimed land in Canada

• Portugal (Vasco da Gama): Africa, India; Sea route to India; Portugal expanded trade

• Spain (Christopher Columbus): Caribbean, Central America; Sea route to India; Spain colonized the Americas

• Spain (Ferdinand Magellan): South America, Philippines; Sailing west to Asia; Spain established links between the Americas and Asia across the Pacific Ocean

  TOPIC 4.3 Columbian Exchange

  Diseases and Population Catastrophe

• Indigenous people lacked immunity to European diseases like smallpox.

  Animals and Foods

• New crops and livestock were shared

• Europeans brought the horse to the Americas, transforming Native American culture.

• Europeans took maize, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, peppers, and cacao back

  Cash Crops and Forced Labor

• Sugar profitability increased transatlantic slave trade.

• Enslaved people from Africa worked for sugar cultivation

• Spanish pursued cash crop cultivation in the Caribbean.

  TOPIC 4.4 Maritime Empires Established

  State-Building and Empire Expansion

• African States: Portuguese explorers influenced Kongo and Benin kingdoms.

• Japan: Restricted trade and persecuted Christians.

• China: Limited outside influence after Zheng He’s voyages by restricting trade.

  European Rivalries on Five Continents

• British East India Company: Commercial ties with Mughal Empire.

• Portugal: Controlled a coastal trading post in Goa.

• France: Controlled Pondicherry.

  Continuity and Change in Economic Systems

• The Western European search for profit began with Columbus

• Spanish used encomienda to access gold and resources.

• Silver trade strengthened the Spanish economy.

• European powers adopted mercantilism.

  Types of Labor

• Slave labor: Considered property and used in domestic and agricultural settings.

• Serfdom: Serfs were attached to the land and worked for their landlord in subsistence farming.

• Indentured Servants: Worked without pay for up to seven years in domestic work and fieldwork.

• Free Peasants: Worked on their own land in farming or craft labor, making payments to the lord and the church.

  TOPIC 4.5 Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed

  Commercial Revolution

• Transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver.

• The Commercial Revolution's four key factors:

  • -The development of European colonies overseas.

  • -Opening of new ocean trade routes.

  • -Population growth.

  • -Inflation.

  Triangular Trade

  Effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade

• Weakened West African kingdoms.

• Slowed population growth.

• Increased violence and trade competition.

• Slave-raiding kingdoms became dependent on European goods.

  TOPIC 4.6 Internal and External Challenges to State Power from 1450 to 1750

  Internal And External Challenges to State Power

• Portugal

  • -Dutch and English pushed Portugal out of South Asia (external).

  • -Rebellion in Kongo allied with Dutch (external).

• France: Fronde - civil disturbances against royal power (internal).

• Russia

  • -Cossack rebellion (internal) • Pugachev rebellion (internal).

• South Asia: Hindu Marathas ended Mughal rule (internal).

• Spanish Empire: Pueblo and Apache groups rebelled in present-day New Mexico (internal to the colonies).

• **British Empire

  • -Maroon wars (internal to the colonies).

  • -Gloucester County Rebellion (internal to the colonies).

  • -Metacom’s War (internal to the colonies).

  • -Glorious Revolution (internal).

  TOPIC 4.7 Changing Social Hierarchies from 1450 to 1750

  Social Classes and Minorities in Gunpowder Empires

• -The Ottoman social system was built around a warrior aristocracy that soon began to compete for positions in the bureaucracy

  European Hierarchies

• -In Europe the top level was royalty—members of a royal family.

  TOPIC 4.8 Continuity and Change from 1450 to 1750

  Transoceanic Travel and Trade

• Integration of the Western Hemisphere was the most significant change to the global economy.

• Technologies used to make sea travel easier:

  • -Astronomical charts

  • -Astrolabe

  • -Compass

  • -Magnetic compass

  • -Lateen sail

  Economic Changes

• Europeans established trading ports along the coasts of Africa and the Indian Ocean.

• Europeans came to dominate global trade.

  Unit 5: Revolutions:

  TOPIC 5.1 The Enlightenment

  Important Thinkers of the Enlightenment

  Feminism

• -The French writer Olympe de Gouges fought for women’s rights

• -In 1792 in England, the pioneering writer Mary Wollstonecraft published “A Vindication on the Rights of Women.

  Rise of Zionism

• -Zionism: the desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.

  TOPIC 5.2 Nationalism and Revolutions in the Period from 1750 to 1900

  The French Revolution

• liberté, égalité, et fraternité (liberty, equality, and fraternity).

  The Haitian Revolution

• Toussaint L’Ouverture to join the revolts in 1791 and then to lead a general rebellion against slavery.

  Nationalism and Unification in Europe

• Italian Unification

  German Unification

• Prussian leader Otto von Bismarck.

  TOPIC 5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins

  Growth of Technology

• -The spinning jenny, invented by James Hargreaves

• -The water frame, patented by Richard Arkwright in 1769

• -Whitney’s system directly led to the division of labor.

Britain’s Industrial Advantages

## TOPIC 5.4 Industrialization Spreads in the Period from 1750 to 1900

### Spread of Industrialization

• -By 1900, Russia had more than 30,000 miles of railroad connecting its commercial and industrial areas.

  Shifts in Manufacturing

  TOPIC 5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age

  A Second Industrial Revolution

• -The developments of the second industrial revolution were in steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.

  Global Trade and Migration

  TOPIC 5.6 Industrialization: Government’s Role from 1750 to 1900

  Ottoman Industrialization

  Japan and the Meiji Restoration

• -It formally abolished feudalism in 1868 by the Charter Oath.

  TOPIC 5.7 Economic Developments and Innovations in the Industrial Age Effects on Business Organization

  Effect on Mass Culture

• -Consumption needed to keep up with production, so producers began to advertise heavily, particularly to the middle class whose members. Unit 6:

  Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization:

  TOPIC 6.1 Rationales for Imperialism from 1750 to 1900

  Nationalist Motives for Imperialism

• With a strong sense of identity and loyalty to a state, many world powers boldly asserted authority over other territories.

  Cultural and Religious Motives for Imperialism

• The attitudes of whites toward others were a form of racism. Colonial powers generally believed that they were inherently superior to those they subjugated.

  Economic Motives for Imperialism

• Seeking ways to maximize profits, companies chartered by the British, French, and Dutch governments signed commercial treaties with local rulers in India, East Africa, and the East Indies.

  TOPIC 6.2 State Expansions from 1750 to 1900

  The Scramble for Africa

• Otto von Bismarck of Germany hosted the Berlin Conference, a meeting where Europeans established colonial borders that were merely artificial lines that meant little to the people who lived within them.

  Imperialism in East Asia

• European nations carved out spheres of influence within China over which they had exclusive trading rights and access to natural resources

  U.S. Imperialism in Latin America and the Pacific

• The 1904 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine stated that if countries in Latin America demonstrated “instability,” the United States would intervene.

  TOPIC 6.3 Indigenous Responses to State Expansion from 1750 to 1900

  Resistance and Rebellion in the Americas

• The British issued the Proclamation of 1763. This act reserved all the land between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River for Native Americans.

  Southeast Asian Resistance

• In 1596 several revolts broke out in provinces around Manila, marking the beginning of the Philippine Revolution.

  TOPIC 6.4 Global Economic Developments from 1750 to 1900

  Technological Developments

• The introduction of railroads lowered the cost of transporting raw materials for shipment and helped open up colonial markets for manufactured goods.

  Agricultural Products and Raw Materials

• Under control of imperialist powers, subsistence farmers abandoned their traditional ways and grew cash crops instead

  Global Consequences

• Industrialization was accompanied by the need to find raw materials that could be turned into finished products to be sold globally—often bought with the profits from raw materials.

  TOPIC 6.5 Economic Imperialism from 1750 to 1900

  Economic Imperialism in Asia

  Imperial Exploitation of Colonial Crops

• Opium

  • -Imperial States: Great Britain

  • -Origin of commodity: Middle East or South Asia

  • -Consequences: Opium addiction weakened many people in China. China’s economy weakened as massive amounts of silver went to Britain to pay for opium.

• **Cotton

  • Imperial States: Great Britain and other European countries

  • Origin of commodity: South Asia. Egypt, Sudan

  • Consequences: Cotton became central to the global slave economy. Food supplies declined as farmers switched to growing only cotton.

• Palm Oil

  • -Imperial States: All Industrialized countries in Europe

  • -Origin of commodity: Sub-Saharan Africa

  • -Consequences:

    • -European states created and controlled a monocrop