Nervous System


tje merbpus sustme cpmmocatopm fpr


ancn control sysmte =- the colelc tinformation - so there are recpetos that detect sitmuli and sens soryd singal to spinl and then there


This collecitn is eff


its evaulated and in ti tis oigng ot send the repsonso to the ffecots


there is the CNA and PSN the CNS is the brain and psine the PNS is the nerves and ganglia



the sensory enrbou systme is afferent


afferent

A meaning it fisrt sensens and hten it goes o the brain and psine

there is the somatic which is



sot her e st e soatic sensory system that is oging to detec things we do eprcieve like tough and then ther ei s the visceral where we perice stimuli from things we dont perice like the hart or kdienys

that is the sneosy so the somatic is periciev and the visceral si the part we dont knotice

the otoer is like


the motor nervous systme is efferent

Eh

somatic is things we sense or are abel to mvoe with thingking like my eyes and autnomic is the breathing of my lungs and heart


somatic and visceral /autnonmic

Sensory enrvoys sytem L afferent nervuios sytem recieves sensory ifmoration fromr ecpetos and tramtits to the CNS somatis sneosyr styetme detecis sitmuli that is the five sensne sand the viscerla sneosyr systme is oging to detec thigns we dont notice like singal from heart and motor enrouss syte m iseffernet and osmati cis oging ot send signal to things we can mvoe and the autnotmic is the heart.


nerves are bundes of azon in the PNS

ther neves have things



Epiepent the Penri and endonerium



The PNS has nerves -

these nerves are bundles of axons. and the axons are envovered by the epinerou,m periumun, and endoneirum - the perimous is the outer layer and it is made of dense irreutl CT and it will encause the nerve

the perimus will encase a bundle of axons called fasicles also dense irrecutl ocnnetiv tissue

and the dnodium will incause indivual axons blood vessles ar ein the peinouma dn penidurm



the epineoirum is made of dense irregualr conectiv tise cneucase ing the nreve the pendium encases bundles of axons called fasicles and the endoinium will encuase each axon to serpate electrical , the nerves ar ein the proium and perimumn and the endoium is made of areolar connecti tissue.


theer is the cranial nervews that extend form the brain - pian nerve sexten form spinal cord.


Thent ere is sensory nerves tha thave snroruon nerusons iengin to the CNs

and mtoor nerves sneing sinal from the cCNS

and ther ei a mix most named are in the mixxed.


Strucural classificaiotn of nerves - cnrail nerves extne from the brain then nspuank tfrom spinal cord sneosor send ot the cn mtoor esene to mtoors form cna

mixed have both and gnalgin is a cluset oer neuron cell bodesi n the PNS



a galgiion is a cluster of neruon cell bodiesi n teh PNS, a angalin is a cluster o fneruon cell bodiesi n the PNS a gnaglino


the nerouons is a unot of the nervoys sytem - the neruons can be excited which is done due to repsonsibedd to a sitmulus and which causes changes in the clels memrbarne ptoeintiel codnuctitivyt - it has abitlity to progate elecitral signal voltayge gate chanel along membrena oepen, secretion because it can realse enruosntiter in reposne to condutive acitty messeng ire relased form veiscl eo tincluce

exterme lengigivty - cell ca n lvier htouth perosns lif teim 0 amitotic 0 meaning that after the detal devleopmet, the neuron doesnt divide anymore remmebr that is why dmetnia happen


so the neruon can be exctied tdue to repsonse it hgas conduvity meanign it cna casue a echemical signal baecuas oe the vvolgate gaed channels

exterem longevity emanign it can live a long time and amotici becuase after feltal dvelopement it doesnt divide.


cell b ody contain shte nucleus, plasmam membren enlucose cytoplams,


the cell body contain the nucleus and the memrbena encluses the cytoplasm the perikayron is the cytoplasm of a neryon the cytoplams is called perikaryon perikaryon perikaryon perikaryong perikaryon

intiates soem gratde peotenials and recieves others form denrsei and doncude these to a axon, so it will take a ptoientaol and create one and sne it to taxon - contain chromatophilic substance made up of irbosome .


again teh cell body soma =- ncuelus - perikaryon the cytoplasm - intaites recieves and send rptoeal - cuz chromotphilic usbstnace


the axon hillock is the point of attachment -

the cytoplams called axoplasm


The crainial nerves - extend orm brain pinal enrves extend form psinal cord


snsoeyr nerves -

craial nerve - spinal nmerys theres sneosry enrvues contian sensoyr nerusonsends singal to the CNs mtooe rnervs contian mto rneruosn and send singal from the CNs ther ei smixed nerves - mixed nrves contain both sensor and motor neuson most names nerves are in thsi categyro gangklion is cluster o fneruon cellbidiens int ehPNS.


the neruon is the structural unit of the emrvous system - neruon chracteirsit excitbaility reposnivness to a simulsu ahwich causes chan ge in cell memrbanr epotinetil excitbatiloity rpeosnivness to a stimulsu, which causes change in extiabitlity reposinivness ito a sitmulsu cause change in cell emmrarne ptotiena

conductivity abilitut propagyet elecitrl singal -




extiability:

respon siveness to a stimulus, which cuases chantge in cells memrbane proitneial

excitbaility _ repsonsivness to a sitmulsu

conductivity - abiltitu to propaget electricl singal: voltage - gated channels along emmerbane open seuqietally


secretoiin: relase of neruotramitter in reponsse to docutive acitivitymesenger is relased form vesicle to ifnlcuence target cell

extreme longevityL cell can live throutghout perosns lifetimeL

amitioic after fetal devleopment mitoioci acivity is lsot in most enruosL amitiot is afeter devel delveop mitoti acivity si lsot in mst enrusons: amitoti after fetal delvoepement mtitois acitiigty.

amitotic after fetla devleopmt, mtitoi actiivty is lost in most neurons, after fetal dvelopment mtiotic actvity is lsot in mot neruons


after fetal devleopemtn, mtitoti acitivty is lsot in msot neruons, extreme longeitivyt meaning is will ast long secreiton of neruosnmtiters docndugiity emanignit is going to conduct voltage gated channels along emmabene xciitbility eprosnisvness to stimulsu


Ther ei shte cell body that contains the nuclue, the cytoplas,m ,dendrites, and the chormotopili subtance made up of ribsoomes, chormatphilic subtance made of ribsosmes, chromatophilic subtanc emade of ribrosmes chromatpiphilic subtanc ema d eof irbsome, contains chormatphilic subtance made of ribsosme chromatphilic usntnac ema do firbsomes


cell body - contains nucleus: palsm amemrb ane encloses cytoplasm perikaryon - intaites some grad epotneital receives other from denxritesl conducts these ptoietail to acons contian chroamtpohili suncafntce mad eo fribsomes

dendritse are shotr umeylatiend proceses branching off cell b ody reicieve input and transfer it to cell body

dendrites are shor tumylatined porcessbranching off cldel bodu recieve inptua nd tranfer it to the cell body axon oong process ementaitng from



dendritesl short umylaintae pcorcess branching occ cell bodu reicne input and tranfer it to cell boyd


so the peikayone will have someting sutantil subtanc


chormaotphilic subtance

chrmaotphnilic subtance


sendrites are short umylintaed pcocess branching off cell body input is reiceve dna dntrafed to the cell oyd,


axon: long porcess emanating form cell body; makes contact with other neuons jmuscle cells or glands axon longporcess emanating form cell b ody and makes contact with other neuron muscle cells or glands


attaches to cell body at axon hillokc


the axoplans is the cytiplasm of the axon and there the axon is going to be attached throught eh axon hilloc, and the membrena is called axolemma;.

instea of ceulalr emmerbane

its called axolemma


axolemma


the cyoplasm called axoplasm emmrbean caleld axolemma, axolemma, and the axoplasm splits into branches caleld axon colalterals.


axon hillokc, the axo palsm, axo lemma, and the axon collaterl




axopalsm, hilokc, axoplams axolemma, axo colatteral,s


ends in several axon teminals called telodendria, these are the the ends of the colattrals


so we got the axohn hilloc, axoplas, axolemma, axon collateral, and the telodenria telodendria, telodendria, the ends are the telodendria, the axon temrinal ends the tups o the telodendria are symnpatic knows whihc have ysmpaic veicle contianing neruosmitters. so the ends ar ethe telodenria, telo dendri alike in drite

and they have snuyapit c


telodendria are the tups of telodendria are ysnpait cknows which hose synaptic vesicles contianign neurotrmitters.

tips of the telodenria are ysnapti cknowbs, tups of telodendria are synmaptic knowbs, tups of telodrndria are synaptic know sthat have synaptic veiscles. the ends are telodendria, ajnd they have synaptic knowbs. they have sunapti cknows that have sytnpai cveislces.


telodendrite


telodendria


the cytosleleong will ahve microfilemts, itnermeid a, adn mcittbuesl, the mcirofilmetn, the mcirutbuels,a dnt eh intemreidate filents,

the cytoskeleong, compsoed of ielemtninte remdi and micurtbuesl, mcirofilemt intemredi afielmtn and mcirotubuesl the intemreid fielmtsn temre neurofilemtsmna ggregate to form b undles neurbfbiels, provie tensiel strenght, cytoskelong, composed of mcioriflmetns, intermeid filemtn and mcibtuels, the itnerme dif iflemt are fcaelle dneruofmeins beuca shehtu hey form b undle, neur7foubiles povide tenisle stnreht, compsoede of filemtn itnermeid fielmtns, icurbtiel itnermed temre neurofiletns aggerte to form bundesl of neurobriles,




okie again we have hte cytoksleong which is composed of miilfiemt ntemdia nad micutbuesl and the intemriea have nuerofilmetns that make neurifbiles that proivde strenght


nuerofibril - and neuroand nerufiliemts to provide strenght nerufilmetns nad neufoiirls to provide tenisle strenght, nerufilens and neurofibirl to porivide tenile strenght,


agna the cytoskelong consists f mcirofilemts, intermeid afielmtsk mciirbtuel the interme dial are made up of neurofilemnst and they ar eoging to ake nrurfibiesl that provide tensile stenr, the axon o


tendodendria

teloendria that ar eoging to be the ends and they are oing to have ysnpaic know sht ahv esyanpci vesicles




oke neruon trjapotr axons move mateirla to and fro the cell bodyL


so there is anterograde from the cell body moves neyewly syntehized mateirla towards the snyamic e


anterograde tranport form the cell body and moves new amteiral towards the synapti cknows , anterigrade from the cell bod to the knows and retrograde trnaprt fromfrom the knows to the cell b ody becuas ie sues recyles ateirla



retrograde breaks down studd and it iw sgoing ot abobr matierla form the cell\


from the the knows to the cell b ody


this is anteir froade

\

this cdan occuf by fast axonal trnaprot or slowl so this can happen either really fast or really low, fast axonal tranprot or slow axonal tranport, fast axonal tranport happens about 400 mm per dayl\\\\



so antergtra or retragrade happens 6hrough fast or slow tranprot


the fast axonal tranport happens 400mm per day


400mm per day and involes movment along micotubules, powered b y moto erptoein that split atp-



occurs at 400mm per day, invoes movent along citbtuels, bout 400 mm per dya \\9jgv9oesmej5mala9hgj micrubtules, invilemt en alon mcirubtuels, lng jmctbtuels p


think acon moves things using mcirubuels beucas ematieral are made and they need to be tranported in the mcirbutule pathways, owred by motor ptoeins that pslit ATP, pweored by motor ptoeins tha plit APT, pwoerfcder by moto protien tha tpslit atp .



fast aonxl happens 400mm per day, uses mcirutbuls for taprot, caused by motor protiens that hdrloze atp, the mtoor ptoein ar eoging to hdrylozae atp, and uses eithe atnergrade or etrade motion, andtergrade tranport of viesscls, pornagells, wile trantrports sed veiscles and harmful agens, so antgergrade new matera, new veiscl,es new oragnells, new stuff and retrograde takes back used and harmful stuff like vieslcles na dohter.



slow axonal trnaport - occure form .1 to 3mm per day results from flow of axoplasm, results from flow of axoplas, occurs abotu .1 mm to 3.. per day per day resutls from flow of axoplas, and subtances only move from cell boy to tehknwos, lke enzymes, cytoskea ocmpeotne nw axoplas,.


subtance s only move form cell body to the know and it tranport enzymes, and new3 axoplasm.


structureal classificaiton by nujmber of processes coming of fosma



so tranpaor thappens becfuase well in fast becuase a motor protien walsk along the mcirtubule and trnaport subtance and uses eithe retrogade or atnergrade.


clasifiaiotn of the neuron come fomr the umebr of stuff that is ocming off o f the soma, there is mutlipoalr, bipoalr, unipolar, and axonini



mutlipolar neurosn - manh dendrites on axon milti polar many drites one axon many dendrits one axon, mny dendrites on axon, many dendrites one axon, many dendrite on axon, many dendrites on axons. most ocmmon

bipolar one dedentie one axon. bipolar is on dendrite and one axon, ne dendrite and one axon, one deddite and one axon, limited number retin of the eye, bipolar one dendrite and one axon, limited numebr retina of the eue, bupolar neuorsn one dendrite and one axon , limited number


mutlpoie

ma dendrites on axon limtied numebr retin of the eue


bipolar neurons ar ea thte reitn of the eye and one o axon on long deited limited number

mutlipaor is the mst ocmmone type an db ipolarhas limtie dnumber


Unipolar neurson - one process extendf rom the cell b ody and splits into ttow periphalr process pltis into the severl repcit dent and cnetla procs lead to shynaptic nownin the CNS>



ooottsfvgvah



28 slides -



mutlipolar is the most common and it si going to be the one with many dendritew son axon, bupolar one dedneit eon axon a nd. limtied reinta of tjhe eye untipoalr spltis offonot two process,


there is hte perihparl proecess that has mutlipel dendrites and the cntral that has synatpic knows


so the unipoalr one exten from the pierhil which is the dendrite and the cnetrla process that is leaidng to the knowsb. the uni[poalr has two processes, one itno tseverl recpeit ve dentie ns oc centrla proces shta is leaind to the synapit knobs in CNS


unipoalr extend into two the peirpal whic is going ot be the part that is going to be dendrite and the central process that lead ot the synapic knobs in teh CNS, a

the anaxonic neuronhave dendrites but no axons, the anaxonic neurons have dendrites but no aaoxns, the anoaxini ncueon have dendrites but no axons, the anaoxnic neurons have dndrites but no axons, the anaoxinic neurons have dendrites but on axons.


periopal process th s oging to be dendrite and the cnetrla process that is going to hav ehte knobs


pierphaol



peirpherl prodcess pslits intoseverl repceit densi

peirpherla process splits into twoprocess th peripahal and teh cnetla and th eroal is gong



periphal is oging to betfor the denrdit ena dhte cnetal is for the syanpic knows in the cna anaxonic have no dentidr




amitotic menaing that afer fetal devleopemt, mtiotic acvitiy is lost in most neurons, parts of a neuonar ehte osma where there will be chormtpiilic subtanc ena it has the cytoplasm that is oging to have ht perokaryon


dendries are short and they recieve input a

axons are long and they are oging to have the axonaplasm which is like the cytoplasm, the axolemma which is the memrbamne,

the telodendritas tha is going to branch out and then causes it to disperese to the


the cytoskelotn ismade up of nerufilemtns and neurfibils that are going to strenthien they npriude tensile strenthen


tensile strengtj to the cytoskelton is done byt hte neurofilemtns or neurofibirls



there is antiergrad etramportantion that is going to be caused by putting thenew matierla to the axonal budge and th regrtroga that takes old amtierla and ftoxins back into the cell body

the fast anxoal trpaotrnanthappens 400mm a day and as well is going to be caused by motot rpotiena nd micrbutubeisl and it can go back and forther.


slow axonl trpanotr only happen s ofrm new matierla and senidnt hsoe to the aoxn temrinal andhappend .3 to 1mm per day and it is going to resutl fromf low of aoplams, the slow aconal tnrpaoitr happens ebcuas iet rfllows the flow of the aoxplams and the fast axonal trnaport happens as a reuslt from the mtoor ptpoein wlakwing along the mciirutbuesl and the slowa oxnal trnaport ois going to happen a s a reuslt from flow of axoplm wsubtances only mvoed cel body taordx sknoww anezyme, cytksleo3tn ocmeptnoa dn enwaoxpalsm,.



cakisifaniotn of the neruyos ther ie smutltipa,r that is going to result in a n increase ndientniet andibipoalr hta i going to hav eon dneand anoxn and the unipoalr is goign to have an eap and sperpat einto two peoce epeirhail and the cnelt hter pan denris and ht acneitla leaidn to the telodendra

then there ana axoi dendirte no aoxn


anaxonic - this is oignt obe dendrites noa oxn



funciotnal claslfiaiot accord ign to thdireition theuy prppahte action ptoeintal = tehre are senoy neruosn that are afferent sening input from somatic and viserlar ptoent to the CNS thatese are unipolar.


sensory neurons are affernet ocnduct input form asomatic and visceral recpto to cna,most are unipoalr a few bipoalr,these snory neruons are unipolar they hav eon axon one dendrite and the effernet neurona re te mtor neruosn that are goign to be multipolar and will conduc toutp from cns to osaitn and svisceral aeffectors, itnermurs reviece, process and integrad intoamtionf rom other neurons and theya re the communciaiont between senosyr and moto neruosn located iwthin CNs make up 99% of our enruons, gnerally are mutliplar.



so sensoyr are unipolar they are oging to be reciign ifnromationf rom somatic na visceral and athe motoe rneurons are going to be mutlipolar and gong to be sending singal to stomaic and visceral affects and itnermeurons ar e99% of our neruons and are going to be the ocmunciaiton ebtweent he sensory and motor neurons.


intenreuons are gong to be the coomuaiton ebtween both


synapse: place wherea rneuon connects to another neuorn or an efector  synapse placewehera e


syanpse place hwere a neruon conencts to antoher neruonor an effector l twp tpes chemical and electrical




synapseL place where a neruon connects to another neuron or an effectl two types chemcial and electrical -


chemical and electrical - synpase place wher e anreuon conencts to another neuron or an effectl two tupeschemcial and electrical -



chemical and electrical -

electiral snyapsel presnyapti cna dpostyanjtpic neruons bound togehte rby gap jucnitonl fast; no synpatic delyay in pasing electircal singal



electrical sympase; prensypatic and psot nsapit nerouns are boudn together by gap juncitonsl fast


eleictrla need wires u need two gap jinciton to bound two neruons togetherl this isf ast and there is no delay in passing electrical singal -


synapse palce hwer neruons conntect to another neuron or an effecot there are two tpes chemical and electircal - eleical nsuapel prenusat an dpso tnamci neruosn ar eboudn togeht erby fgap funciton



electtrical synpse - prensyntpa and psotnyapt. cneyrosn boudn the etb gap sutnio thsi si fast and there is no dleya this fast

chemical is done through diffuciton its more ocmmena thean electircla synpqsesL

it doenst use gap jucniton

chemical prenstom neurons axona tmerial produce singla the pst nstil reices ingal with its dendrites

sntp clect - is a small fluid filled gap bet


elecitral snupase - preysnpati and pst snyatpic enruosn boudns toether by gap jucntionL fastL no synpatic delay in]


chemcail synpase

wnypqif fl


synatpic clect small fluid filled gpa between two neruons, the events of synatpic ocmmunciaitonl a neurosmet msytnapti delay time it take for all thes eevents .


synmapti cdelay i sthe time it takes for all these events. the sytnapic delay is the time it akes for ll thes eevnets.




general charactist of the clia glia, they are none xitbale and supprit cell int eh CNS and pNS. non excitbael and support cells ofiund in tehCNS and PNS

approxmelty same numebr of glias are theser ar eeuron, glial cells account fo half the bvolume of nervoys system


non excitbael support cells found in CNS and PNS, approximelaty same number of lgical cells there ar eenruonsl glial cells accoutn for about half the volume of nervous systeml


gneral charcteristics capale of mitsoisl protect andnoursih nerusol provide physcial scafoflding for nerovus tisseul guide migraiton enruson during devleopmetl cirical for normal funicont at nerual .



non exitbal suport ound in the CNs

there are thesmae nermber ogliala nd neruosn they accutn fo rhalf the coluem of the nerovys syteml theya re cable of mitosis and protec tand norusih nerous and provide phsycaol scafolding for nebovus tisuse, and guid emgirating neruosn during divelopema dn eneeded for normal fcuntiona t nerual snapse ….


glial cells accont for about half the volume of nervoys system


non excitbale support cells fouind in CNS and PNS, approxiemtaly same nuem fo glial cells as htere ar eneruosn glail cells account for about half the volume of nervous system generla charctsieris csl cpabale f mitis roect and norusih neruosn, provid scaffolding for nerovys tiiseu and guid migrmigrating neryosnh during devleopmetn, giritla for noraml fucniotn at nerual snyqpse.


astoryctes ae starces hapeand htey are in the CNS - they are going to have perivasuclar feet and most ABunatn glial cells int eh CNS, help from blood brain barrier by wraping feet aroudn brain cppilars the BBB



glial cells atrouces are shar cshapend



glial cells are star shapne dclel san dhtey hav eperivascular feetl most abungant glail cells in the CNSl form the BB by warping feet around brain cappilaries

atrocyes have perivauslar feet and the most


he;p form BBB by warpping feet around brain capp9laries BB, reugalt tissue fluid composition for exmapel can regualte potassium concentraiton. help form BB bhy warpping feet around brain cappilaires BBB



hel oform BB by warppign feet aournd brian capilies


stoctes have orocess that end in perisucla feet ost abunt flial cel int he CNs and helso form the BB becaus ei tis going to wrap its feet aroudn the rbain capilies. it wraps its fes aorudn brin cpappolies -


wrapping feet aroudn brain cappilaires -

reuglate tissue lfuid compsostion for example can regualte psossium concentriaon.



astrocytes - have processes that end in pervscualr feetl most abdunt glial cells int eh CNS help form BBby warrping feet around brain cfapillaries BBB. reugalt tissue fluid cpompsition for exampel cna reugalt potassium concnetriaotn



astroctes hav eprocess that end in perivsuclar feet msot are abdunat glial cells int eh CNs - help from the BB by wrapign feet around the brian cappilaries - the atsotyes are oging to form the BBby warpign its feet aroudn the brain capilliares, teh astrocytes are star shape and form teh BB by warpping itsfeet aroun the brain cappilaries, regualt etisssue fluid ocmpeotion regualtes the fluid compsotion like it cfan reugalte how much of eahc chemical ther is eugalt tissue fuid ocmpsotion.


ergualte tissue fluid ocmpsotion for exampel regualt potassium concentration.


regualt tissue fludid compsotincna reugalt potassium concentriaotn - reuglat tissue fluid compsotion cna reugalt potassium concentrioant reugalt tissue fluid ocmpsotion can reugalt ptoassiumn cnocnetirona - form strucural support for nearby neruons.



helsp for ht BBB by warping feet aroudn brain cappilaries - it reugalt the tissue fluid comptosino meaning ti regualtes the chemical envioemtn around the neruons like potassium concnetirona, it as well forms strucutral supprot fo rnearby neruosn

assits in enruon delvope and alter sytnapic activit and occy the spac oe dying neurosn


the astoryes helps form the BBB, reugalt fluid cpmosotin, form strucural support assinst in nrueral devleopemtn alter synaptic activity andoccupt the space of dying neurons


BBB wraping feet aroudn brain cappilaries

reugalt tissue fluid compsotin for exampel cna reuglt potassium concnetiroant

form strucutral uspport fo rnearby neruosn

form strucural support for nearby neruosn

form structural support for neary neruosn.

fiorm strucutral support for nearbt beryosn 0

Form structural supprot for nearby neruson -

form strucutral support fo rnerby neruons

form structureal supprot fo rnearby neruosn - form structural support for neraby neruson

form strucural support fo nearby neruson, fom structural support fo rnerbay neruson, form strcutural suppor for neraby neurosn.


form structural suport for neraby nerusonform structural support fo enearby neruosn - fom structural support for neraby neruosn- form structuralsupport fo rnearby nerosn


structural support fo rnearby neruons, form structural support fo rnearby neruosn

qssitn in nrual devleopmt

alter snpat acitivyt and occ the spac eo fdynt innseuron


alters the stynaptoi caicitya nd assint in rual delvoepmtna s well as occutp the pace of synatpneurson.

epdenym cells line cativites in rbaina nd spinal cord.


ependymal cells are going the line the cativie sin rbaina nd spinal cord ar par tot he choroid plexus


the epdnymal cells line cavities inbraina nd psinal cord and part of the choroid plexus whihc produces verbrap spinal fluid,

ependymal cells line produces


ependymal cless line cavities in braina nd psinal cord, and art part of choroid plexus, whic produces cerbrospinal fluid.


ependynal cells lines cavities in brain and psinal cord and are part of choiriod plexse that make cerospial flid,


ependymal cells are going to lin cavities in brain and psinal cord and part o fhte choirod plexes that make cerbal fluid


choriod plexus, the epemdyla clels are going to line cavities of the brain and spine,



choroid plexes are goikng to line the cavities of the


epemdymal are oging to line the cativies of spine and brian and they are part of the coiroid plexua that is going to make çerobrspial fkkuid


ependm clel sline caiviteis in brain and spinal cord, are part o fchorid plexus tt make cerbrospinal fluid


microglia are small cells that wander CNS and replciate in infeciton


SO the astorcytes are start shape and are going to form teh BB b y warping is feet aroudn the brain cpaileis, it si going to contorl the chemicl cneontrioan in the lfuid, form strucutral support, occyp space o the dea, assist om meural dlepement

emepydm are goignt line the brian and psinal caivites are are parto f the choiroid pluxus that makes the cerbrospinal cprd.


microglia small cless tha wadner CNs and replciate in infeciotn



astrocyes are going to help form the BB becuas ehteir feet are going to wrap aroudn the brain capilies, they are going to gelp with deleoment, form strucut upprot aoocp pac ena change sypnati acitivyt the ependyjal clels lint eh caivity of bteian and psinal a dntheya re coing ot be par to th choiroid plexus and to make the cebrospinal fluid



Migro


astrocytes ar ehte most bundn in the CNS

ependlyma clels


mivrolai small cell sthe wander and replicat in ifneciotn, they are simialr to phagocyte cells of immune systeml engluf infectious aggent and remove


microglia small cells that wander the CNa dnr eplciate in ifniaton and theya re simialr ot phaogtic cellf oenine systme and engluf infecitous agens and rmeogve debris. mgirlci sjmallc ell shta twander CNs andr eplciate in infciont similar to the phagcytic clels of immune systme engluf infectiosus agents and remove debris. smallc lels that wander cna an drpelica tin infeiton simiarl ot hte phagoctytic cells of immune systmel enflug infectoius


microglia are small and oing to wander the CNs and going to replicate in ifnition and they are liek phagcytic clels that are going to microlgi amslal cell sthat wander cna edn replicate in infeicio


mciroglia - mcigrlia small clels that wander CNS cna dna replicate in infeciotn, simialr to the phagoctuc clels of immune l englufh infeocutu angena dnremove drbis


olgiodendrocytes 0 are large with slender exeisob whic wapr olgiodendrocytes are oging to wrap around and from the myelin gsheath.

olgiodendytes are large cell with slender extension whihc wrpa aroudn axon of neruons forminag meyling seath, microgli small clels that wander cns and replicaiton inf ection, simiarl to the phagycit clel sof immune system1


glia cells of hte PNS - staelite clel sare arranged aornd nerual clel vodies in a gnaglionl ele


satellite clels; arranged aroudn nerua l cell bdoies in bodies in a gnaglion;leleictrlaly insulate and reugalt ehe exahcnte of nutrle



stalie sar ein teh PSn arranged aorund nerual clel bodies in a gnagliol insulat eand reuglat ehe xchange of nutrients and waste




satellite cells: arranged around neruon cell bodies in a ganglionl elecrically insulate and regualte the exchange of nutrients and wastes



stallie cells arrand around the neurla cell bodies in a cancila gnaglion is a buncl of ganglio,l electrially instulate na dreualte


0000atelite clels ar eint hePSn and they are going to be around the bodies int eh ganglion they are oging to instulate na dreuatlthe exch nag eo fnutrine na dwaste neurolemmocytes ar eshcowal clels are longated flate that enshea the PNS axons iwth myeling


satlie cells are arraound around the bodies o fht egnaglion



satelic fcells are arranged aorund nerual clel bodies in a glagion, they electirally insutlat eand reugla thte xhcnag oe nutrines and wastes stallite clel arraudn gaorun nerual clel bdoeis in a gnaglion they elecitrall insulat ena dreualt the echcnag eo fniutriens and wasye





myelination process wraping an axon myeling



mnyeling process of warpping an exon with myeling -

several layer of memrbea of glia clels myheling i layer of ligt clel neuromle


neruo




neruolemmocytes


schwann cells


nerulemmocytes neuron \\


nerulekmmcytes insulte in the Pns and plgiodneidy int he CN

they ar ehigh lipid contnec iwth high lipid content, high lipid ocntecnt



high lipd contecnt give glossy

highlipid ocntne give glossy

high lipd conetn


high lipd co ntne ct

hihg lipd contenc tbeuca sehtye isulatint he aoxn and its memrbane so tey hjave lipids.

Int he PNS nerulemmcte enciel the aon and wrap itsin a leyr forming a lmyerl ins het

the nerulosmcute plams and neuclsu are oigng ot be pushed ot hteperhiffy forming a nerilemm.


Nuerlemmocyt and neurolemma

neurilemma, so the nerulemmocytep ctppal dna cnuelsu ispuedh aroeunf hte periher of hte axon and it is going to breat the nerillem, a neurlemmocyt ecna meyling one 1 mm of axon so secaler a re needed fro one axon gap sbetweenar e the nerufilike bodes of ranvier.



in thePNS nerulmpecyte encutle the axon and wrpa iaround formtuing the muelikng seath and it is going to encirul the aoxn and the ncuelus and ncuelus are going to be pushed an going to cret het nerulemma, and it onluy only meyling 1qmm oc axon so deverl ae needed for one axon, gaps are called the nerufibil nodes , neurfibril nodes



mueling ther ei shte


satalien that su round the gagkloina idnsultes an dprovide proeteciton and allwos fro exhanvoe fnutrans and wate.


in. the CNs on ogliodencyr cna meyling also 1mm of mutlupe axons each at mutlipel spot ther ei sno neruoilemma and the neriufile nodes are between adjacne tsemgnets 


olgiondendyte cna myltion 1mm of multiple axos at each mutlipel psots

so it will do it mutlipe spots to thte same or mutlipe other and they hav 1mm of meigoan and htte mytlin has lipids 


the PNS nerulemmocytes has neurilemma


int ehPNS the axo is in a depressed protonf o nerulememocutes in the opsn


ib the PNs the axons sit depressedn menaing in the bottome o fht enerulemocyte, an d int he CNS the umyaktied axons jare NOT associted iwht the olgidoncyte



in the CNs, umkeytalkine axons are not assicoate diwth tolgiodncyte,




axon regneraiton - after tramatie



afteturamic injruisng hte PNS axon can regnatei and regianton is possibel ii fthe neruon bod clel is intact and if enoug nerilmme reaims, sucessful reignaitonis more liekly when the amodouf o dmangai is note too extensiv and whent he sdisnta cbetwene sit eo fodamgne astrufut i invverts is oshort



afte truamti cinjust he PSN axons cna reugantion fi the clel bod is stil entac and and if enough neurilmme


rengeironis psoeiebe o f neruon cell bossien clel bodyus intia cna di neough nerurilememak

sufesisl is

oo extensive and when the distanc ebwteen site of damnag ena dstrucut it innervates i shorter

region is pssibel if neruon cell body is ib tanc tna di tneoug nreillme reiamisn sucessful rengierion si mor eliely when the amoutnof damam is not t


ZON SEVERED BY TRAUMA,

PROXIMAL TO THE CUTL THE AXON SEALL OFF AND SWELLS AXON SEVERE DBYT RAUM PROXILA TO THE CU TAND THE AXON SEAL OFF ANS SWELL DISWTAL TO THE CUT THE AXON AND SEHATH DNETHATE




the fucnito of the nervouys sytem



the ocmmuinciationa nd cfontrol system colelciotn firomation recpeotrs detect sutmili and sensnosry singal to spinal cord and brain detect sitmuli and send ssneosyr sintgal to spinal cord and brain process and eovluta ifnromation braina dnp sinal cord etermienr peose to sensory inptu tiat repsos eot ifnrofmatioj nrbaina nd psinal send mto rout vi enerves to effects strucur tornaiizona ventr v spens hte brain and psinal cor dhte PSN invoesm the enres and the ganglia. the ganglis is a bundle of nrerves




Sensory nervous system is goign to send iefroaitno from the out sid eto the brain and psinal cord the osmati sensory systme is going tor eicfienintftoriatn form the fiv ensens and sien thte the cn and veicsre snenosry ssutem


the ciseral sneosry sstyetm is goig to detect sutmil ia we uttpicall don not pericie forme xampel like the hrat of the kdineys the somati si enrovus sysjtme is going to sens to the efferen enrvous systme thies is going to itnaut motor pout and trjmait si form the cns to the effeocts te osmati motor ysmte is oging to send voluytamr sysingal from cns ot the skeltal muscle hte osmati si coig go tbe the volutanry singal dn athe autnoamic moto rsystme i soigng o tinvoel the in volutairo like the hart, the rbeajthig, the glands, teh sympatic and the paraysmtpethic diviiosns .


nev es is a buncle of axons inteh Pms the nerves have connective tissues wrapping:


epinerium a thich layer of dense iregyualt ocnencti tissue enclsoes entire nerve


perineurim


The perinerum s a thic layer od dens irrecurl conneecti tisse the is going the enclso eht eneti renve,

the perineiuk si a layer o f dens iirrecutl ocnnteit ssis eht is oging to wrpa baoutn fasicdl3es 3thes er ebundles of axons in nerve

enodnerium is a delicate layer of the aerol connecti tissue that is going to insulate eac eaxon and wrpas aorud inviudual


so it goes peieum nerve, peirnum fasicle, endoneium axon, tbne erves are vauslairzed meaning the blood vessels brnach through epiuerm and peirum to. eocme cpapilesies so they are int heepri and peirm but obviosyl not hte neodneirum and allow for exhanct ebetween axons and blood.



structure classificiton of nerves, cranial neves extenfc form brain spinal nefrve sextende forem spinal ocrd. the cirnal nees extend form braina the spinal nerves extend form spinal cord. ciranial nerves extend form braina dns pirnal nerves textend form psinal cord


the classifiton there is sensory that is going to send ifnro to the cna nd motor nerces the end singals form the CNS t

miexed nerves have both sensory and mtor neruosn, and anglaika is a cfluster of nueral clel bodes in the psn.


a gnalgian. i a cluste ofc neruoon celllbodies int he PNS. a gnaglionis a cluster of neruon clelboides int he psn, a gnaglion is a cluster of neruon clel bodies in teh PNS, a gnaglion is a lcusster of neruon cell bodies int eh PNS. a ngalgion is a cluster o fneruon cell bodies int he PNS. ngalgion ia cluster of neruon cell boides int eh PNS


the neruon is a st5rucurla uno fo he nerovus sytem


exitbality is the rpeosnsenss to a sitmulus whihc auses change iin cellsomembreb proitel oncuditin the abitlity ti prpate elecitrlisngal volagvre gated channels along memeb ran open squenslly exititvali is the abilityt o reposnivess to a sietmulua sand causes. ahcnt eodicittyabilityt o prpatoe eleicitro cisntlga volgate gate channels conducfitivyt is the ability toprpiate gelelcitricla isngtalp; coltage gated channels secreiotn is the relase of neutromitter in peose to condutiv acitivyt messenger is realsed rfrom v eiscl eot influcne targve clel secret is ithe relaoseo fneurortmitter ocndution is the abilityt o prpate ecitr cal sinsngla exitbality is the prosnsivess to aiskthaltu extemr eleingie is the abilityt o swuriv edthoruhgout perosn lfieitem and mation is that is tstop dividieing afta rete dektiep dejetop moneurons llod mtitoti acitivyt


aprt of a neuron the cell boud the soma contain the ncueluy the coms containt he muelus the coms ocntaint he nucleuy the palms memrbane cnlsose cytopla perikaryon perukaruo perikaryon intates osme ftrade ptoietnaolreicies tother form dnetnis and conudts the spotietal to exaonx contoanc hroamtpoliuc osbtuatn mad eof irbsomes.



paort of a neruon the cello boyd is the soma it ontain ncuelous, the plasmammemrbe enclose cytopla shte mncuelsys the perjaryon the nuceluys the perijaryog the nucleys the perukary p



conat9ins mnucelus, the preikaryon , and the chormatipilic subtaunt


the ncuelus the periakryon cytoplasm andh the chromatic puili subtautm the perikaryon the chromaticpil ic sutbant and tghe ncueluys agiant eh chroatmicbil ubtan the perikaryo cytoplams and the nucleus that intiates some graded ptoeitnl


dendrite short umeyaltied pcoesses rbanchong of he cbel wehr ethe cell oreicies the input and tranfcer it otth ecel b ody


so the cellbody teh soma is going to he athe chormatiphilic subtuan the peirkaryon and the nucleus the dendite shta ar ehsrto unte na the axon that is ofing ot be pcomeitm mylatied and oging to nake ocntnac tiwht other neuorn, it is goign to be attafhcfe d athte axon hillic, have axon colalterla shwer ie. branches off, the axoplasm axolemme which is the mmebane and teldeeite


the telodendria, the axolemma the axon colalters the axon hilloc axo plasm axolemme axon colatlelr the telodnria ant synpatic knows tha thouse the synatic ceusl





the cytoksleong is going ot be ocmpsoed of mciroiflemt, itnerma dn mirtubeusl, the intemred are going to have neuriflemtns anf nuerofibisl.



so the cyroskeling is going ot have


the cytioskeong is compsoe of the micfrilemtnm intermedi filemts mcirutbules teh iintermeid filetns are tneder nurlfiem

micor itnermed na dmcitubuesl, mciriflmetn itnermedi fielmtsn, and mcitubuels, the mcirfiflmets intermed filemt and the mciutbuesl, the itne4mredi filemst are neurofe


the itnermedi fielmtsn are temd neurifletns the interme dfieljtns ar etmer eneurofielm that gregate tfo rom bundles neruofilbils are prodve tenisle stren


nruerfilemst. - utnermedi filmetns nuefibirls provide tensil strenth. neuriflmes agregate fo rofm bundlc the intermed fielmts nerufilejmtsn intemre fmierfn and the nerufibirls provide tensil strenth



the nerufibirls proive tensile strengh the nerufibilrs pvide tensil tenth the nerufibilrs provide tensiel estrenght hte nerufbibrsl proivde tensile strenth teh nerufbibrsil provide tensile streth the nerufibrisl provide tensil stern the


the nerufilemst intermiedit eifmtn s, the nerufibrisl proivde tensile strenth thje nerufibrisl proivde tensile stren



ne8riflejmjt4 form the inteiremd and neufbirls proivd etneisl stren the nerufibirsl prividetensile strenth the nerufibrisl proivd etensile strenth the nerubrfiles proive tesnil strenth the nreufl ewomf rht intemred nd the nerifbirsl provide tensile strentgh the nerubirls provide tensil strenth the neribrisl provide tneisl streth the neifulems aggrete to from buncles. the enruefibirsl proivde tensile strenght.


nerubrfiels tensile strengh, nerufibrisl tensils trent hte



antergroad tranport form cell boyd moves nelgy syntehis zed mateiral twoards ysnati knoc bs.





antiertgraod eis ofrm the cell body ot hte new matieral towards the synaptic knows the anteirgrpade is form cel body new matierla to the synpatic knowbs form the new matierla towards the synaptic knobs from cell boud ot the synpatic knows the antergrade ptriat form cell boud moves newly syntehized matierla towars ysntaic knows the retruaptr from


used toxi form the aoxn to the rbekatdon andr eycltking i soma. anteirgra dform the clel body movews twoards the axon with new matierla the retrgrade from ofrm the axons ot hte cell body becasue it is going retrgade trnaport to cfell body mvoes used mateiral from the axons and breakdon and reyclign in somat. ththis is done by fast axonal trnpaort ot slow axonal rnpaort.



fast axonal trnpaotr happens 400mm per day and ithis mjovemns along mirbtuels using poweerd motor potein that pslit atp anditer gra or retrade mtoion possibel, antergrad tranport veislce orngale glycorptei while rtrograd sport of use veiscle potnetail wd






fast zaonl tnrpaotr occur abotgoigu 400mm per day and invoels movmetn along mciritules oowepr eby mot rptiens hta plit atp anteir





anteigra tn rpaort form the cell b ody to the axon retrogra form the axon to the cellboyd fast axonal trnport occuts at baotu 400mm per dayinvoles movemnte along mcirbules powered by motor poteins that split ATP occurs at about 400mm per day occurs at abour 400mm per day and involes movmetn along mcibtutles an posewred by motor ptoisnt hat pslit atp and this is going tineal hramfeil agens

sloc axon is abouto allow antetra trnaport of veiscles orngale, glupteoins while rtruce is going ot be used up veiscl ena pot


.1 to 3mm per day results from flow of axoplams sustnaces only vomed from cell boud towards knwob.


slow occurs form .2 to 3 mm pe day and this reuslt from axoplasm flow and its natural the fast one uses mcirbtules and mtoor ptoeins tha plit atp motwards the cell boud like cytoekwl part o fnuzmes. o 3 mm per day and reuslt om rht flow of ht eaoxpls and thd subtances from t 1. tturos is done along by teh fast aoxn and shte slow acon trnpaotir is abotu to be abougyruade mottion possibel anteir grapntro fo vielsc eonrelal gelyreproien and reto rptoeins that plit atp antenr grao and re



fast oanzla


atnerrgrtap spitr from clel boud to the know sna d retron from the axon ot the mboyd ‘


mutlipolar neuorns, many denriute on azon most ocmmone type mutliepl pis many denrites on axon many dendrite son axons bupoilar is one aon one dendrrite

mutiple awrmany dendirtes on exaon bipo


mitliplar i sthe most ocmmone bupilar is one dendrite on azons


unipolar is one pocess extends and plits into the peirhper and central hte peripherl is going to pslit into severl repcie4t dendrite and the centlr ia going to lea dot ht eysnaptic knowsvs. anazonic neruon menaing all dendrite sno aon.



biupolar is one dedite and on axon, unipoarl one proces and then it splits into two process the perhirla is the dendrites and cnetral is the snyatic knobs. the uniparoi sienperihparl and centrla process the peripshaelr is going to be the part that becomes the dendrite sna the ctnral is going ot he axon. perial the dendrite and cnetrl aithe azon. anaxonic neruons have dendrites no aoxns.


mutliple many dentsies on axon bupoalr ond enirte on axon unipoalr perhail and central phoces

anaonix neuon have dendrite sno axon dednteis no axon. dendrites no axon mutliple is the most commone poalr tow uniutpoarl peruaphra dn central process anaxoninc neruons have dendrites but no axons.



mhtktuoel bupoark unipoarl anaxonic .


unipoarl bipolar mutliple anaxonic . unipolar bipolar mutlip;lar anaoxnic.


fucnitoanl classificiaotnl according ot he direction they propageate aciton ptoientail sneosry neruons ar eoging to sense studd and the send it ot the CNS these ar eunipolar. Unicpoarl rmemebre are oging ot be ventral and pehrail process the sensory neruons are afferent and htey are going to be unipoalr mostly. most are unipalr sneosyr neruosn are going to be unipplar sensory are going to be unipolar unipolar unipolar unipoarl sensory and motor neurosn are going to be all ultiplar . ensory afferen are going to be unipolar a few bipolar unipolar and bipola rmostly inparl and mtoor s are oignt go tbe mulitpoalr .

sensory neruons ar eoign gto be unipolar and bipoalr motor



motor neruons condut ouput form cns to somatic and viscerla effecots all are mtulipeoalr sneosyr neurons are going ot be osmati cna divsoerl and unipoalr .



sensory neruins ar emost are unipolar. interneuosn


sensory neruosn ar ethe mst impiortna tin


unipolar sneosyr bipolr sneosyr

multipolar motor


unipoarl sneosyr motor neurons mutlipel interneusons are going to reices process n itnetgra fromiton from many other neurons comuncaiton between adn mtoroers are located iwthing the CNS. and make up 99% od our nfeural sna are generally mtiliplar



reciegve, process, and intera ifmroaitn from a other neruons communciate between sensory motor neurons located iwthin CNs make up 99% of our neruons, generally are multplar .\\


sneosyr nureomns mainly uinfpri9a rmoto rneurosn ,ainl multup alr interneuosn ar eoing ot be 99% in the CNS and 99% of our neruons and mutliplar reiies process and intetra infromation.


so both interniaons and motor neruons ar eoing to be mitlipela rna dther id ,os itnerneiuosnthat ther ie sensoyr and motor neruosn


internuson are ogvin o be in our Cns anmake up 99% of our neruons fenreally are mutlip;ar generaly are mutliplar nerlal ar emuitlipoarl. y


sumpase4 [;ace whera. ernuon con nects to another neruons there is chemical and electri electrical uses the gap junction . that is going ot be fast and pases elecitrl sinal/ interneuons are oging ot be multiplar 99% nd in thw xn.


plae wher enurone socnnte to one another ther ei schemical and eldctir ana dledcitr is fast and ist uses gpa jucntions and there is nosyanptic dely i passing electir singal the chemis synapse is more ocmmone than elecitrla nd it needs the oernsytoa in the pot the syntaoi clegf which is afluid filel dgap . and so what hapens i sthe the neromsit relase form veiscl es the theu difuse onto the repsont the repsonts bind and itaite postyantpi tpitanl and cause a graded ptiential sytnapic delau time it take for all of these events.


electrial is going ot be gap junction- gap jucniton fast and reasy

and chemical is going to be the mst ocmmon slowest and requires diffusion and the veiscles, and the syantpic ckeft the bidnig o fneurotrmaitterz.


synpatic delytimes it takes for all of these evnts. syantpic delay time it take for all of these events


synatpic delayh is the time it take s for all thesee vents. sytnapic delay is the time it take for all these evetsn.



eleictrl asnpa ei soigng o thuse gap jcintio chemcis is giong to use diffision


senosyr nerons moto rneruosn sneosy is going to be boolar unipolr moto ris goign to bemitliep intermus mutiplar 99% na dint eh CNS.


anaxonid ncoen have dendir teno axon the perihal prcess is going ot be dendri teh centrla pcoess is going ot be syatnp osn bipoalr is going ot be litmed and one dneidr eon aoxn mtiliep manyd enties on axon.


slow axon l is going ot be done through the flow of the axoplams and it sogviong ot be .1 to 3mm and its gogn to bt antergrade and mvoing enzymnes.

fast aoxna trapitr ofccurs at 40mm and invoesl movmetna long mcirutuesl, motor proitne na dplit of atp

micrbirils are goiny ot stneth tinelsoil.


snypoati delay is the time it take for all these evnst yatnpid elay is tt eitam ie takes for all of these events syanptic eley is the time it take of rall of these ents. sytnapic dleay is the time is teka for all these vents ysntpaic dleya is the time it tkae ofr all the sevents.



okie genela charcteris of the glialc laell they are non exitable glialc cells ar enon exitbal lol glailg cells ar enon exitable but they do supprit the CNS and PNS. aprpoinaly smae numerb of glaicl cells a s there anreyons and glailc ells ocunt fo rhalf the ovclume of the NS



glialg no non exitable and onlyh supprot cellso ofind int eh cdna dn the pns appromaut the smaounf o ajmoutn of glial as there ar eneruon amek sup fo rhalf the volouem of the N S


they are cabale of mitos protec t and noursing noursons povid ephsycia scaffoldig fo rneorug suttie ugid emigraiotn neruosn dueinv dkevopeme ticirla fo normal fucnito at nerual syanpses.


so the gila are uspporting clel and found int eh sna dn psn and arprpaxly same nuejrm of glia clels a sthere are neurons an glgicfafl clels coutn fo hafl hte voluem fo ns and hty are caable of nitis protect and norusneruons vodie phsycal scffolding for n erogys titisue gui emgirait neruond udign clele and neede fro normal funciotna at nerual sbhsytnpatnse.



astroyctes have pcoess that end in perivuslar feed astrocy styem asto as in stars. they ahve paritucle feed and helpo from the BB by wraping is brain capilies


asrtocytes have pcoess that end in the feet adn tehya re the most abundt glial cell in the CNs they help form the BB and wrpa its feet around the brain capillarie it reguatl tisue fidl cosmotiuna dnf orms turudct uspport of rnearby neruobs assit in nerual development alter synaptic activity occy the spac oe dyin gnuerons. e



astrocyes have pcoess that en idn peivuasl feet and at rhet ost abudnat glial cel int eh CNS helps from BB by warppgin feet aroudn brain cappilaire. reugalt tiisue ocmpdis tofmr strual upopr taisis tin nerual delveop alter sytnapic actiivyt and occyt the psauc eo duign neruosn, glai clels ar euspporting cells thatnt ehyavhe no exiatbality, o


ast5rocytes aRe going to help from the BB and are oging to occyipy space and reoig ot wrpa its feed aroudn teh brain cpaileis and later nstyapc acitivyte reuglat tissue ocmpsotion, and alter nsytapic acitivyt.



astrocytes are going to be thw cellso int ehC SN that wrap its feet aroud the brain cappilares are thne are ging to from the BB and occy space, fuid comspst alter snaptic


they are going to form strucutral support


ependymal cells in the cavities in the brain and psinal cord and are part of the choriodi pelxes whihc produces CSF


ependymal lines cavities in brain and spinal cord and are part of thehcoird pelxus which prduces CSF.


ependymal is going ot be the ones the line the brain cavites and the psinal caviites a rend are ogin go tbe part of the choird pexes that mesk the cerbrospinal fluid chorid pelxtte pendeymal lines cavities and psnal card and part of the choirod pelxre whic produces the CSF. ependymal cells lin cavites in rbaina dn psianl cord and are part of the chorid plexsues.


ependymal is going to line the cavities of the psinal and briawn and is going to be part of the choirod pelexs and is govingt o make the CSF


astrocytse he;o frgte BB ependyl the chori dpelxs and the CSF and teh mcirla are wanders are simiarl to phagoycte of clel iyn englu finfectious agelsna dnr emove derbis . mcirola are going to watner the CNS and rpelciat in ifnaciotn and ismiarl to phatic cells of immuen ysstmej and engluf infdsecito atgend and remove debris



olgiodendytes aer going wo be larger clel with slidne extensiotwhich wrap aorund axons of neuron forming jmyelin sheath. olgiodendtye larger clel sith sldender etneisonw hich wrpa arund axons oneruonf ormign muyeling sheath.


micrlgi are going to be small cells that wander the CNs and rpelciate in infeciotn simarl to the phagocyt cells of immuen sytem and infelfu infeciotn agtens anf rremdove debris the oldiogesyte are going to warp aoudn axons and myeling seath

astoryctes- BBB

pendymal - CSF
microglail - infectious

olgio - myelin sheath



AEMO


AEMO

astoryc epemeyl micorl oldigon


BBB CSF infeciotn myeling


olgio dnedytes are large clel with slender extens wion hwich wrpa soarund aons o fneruon ofrmiign meyelingsheath CS micrlgi olgiuodn cyest lartge cels iwth slend extensions which wrpa aorund aoxns of neruons formign meyeling sheat. peneydl cell hchoir dplexus and the CSF aspot5r B enemdy chori dplexus , ht perikyo hcomrofphil subtaim



ilgiudencyte lar cells with slendet extension whci wrpa aroudn axons of neruons forming myelin sheath ependymalc ells lines caitive in brain and psinal cord and part of the choir pelxsus which procues cerbral spinal fluid. pendym clel slines ciaiviet sin rbaina dpisnal cor dan dare oart of hte hcoir dpelxa dn produces CSF micrloa rear ehfo rthe ifneciont the stateling cells are for the stupid ass


statelite clel sint eh PNS arrang neruonc ell boide sin a ngalgion eelxtr inuatl and reugla teexhane o nutrne ts and waste.



stelike cells arraounged aorund enrual cell sbodies in a gnaglion electrialcly insulate an dreual teh exhacnf oe nutroesn and waste

ependymal cell lin cavitie sin brain and psinal cord and are part o fht hcoir dpelxa nd wht atpudce cerbrospinal lfui micirl are going to act like phcytes that are going to nelgu and rmeo deibrs ogliodnecues a elarge cells iwth slende extesion which wrpa aorudn axons of the neruosn frmifn myrelin


stelign cell sint eh PNS are going to arrang around neucl clel bodiesn in a gnaglion

elecirla instulat enregualtthe. exahvv eo fnutrone sna wast. sttaele lcells areoing to arroudna reoind cneurl cll boies in a gnaglion eleictnr uisntuatl anf durel the exhcna go nteutrin and wast nerulemmcytes eleongafate cells the enseta the PNS axons with muyelion


Schwan clels are going to be flat and mueloigo tate insualt end reugal t



myelingoin process of wrapping an axon with myeling, myelin severl layer of memrbre of glil cells gighlipid conten gives it glossy white appearnce and nstlate axons.


myeling is severl layer of memrben of glicl clel it has high lipid contenct iwth glossy whtie appreance and insutlates axons myeling is going to be several layerso fmemrbe of glical cells with hgih lipid content thtat gives it white glcuc appera

myeling is hihg lipid contne


schwan clike lemmocyte’


schan cells lemocytes meyling is going to be high lipid content muyeling is going to be high lipid contenct muelin is goign to be high lipid contenct, muyeling is going to be high lipid contenct



myelin is going to be hihg lipid contect. myeling is goingt obe high lipid contect wth a glssy white appeanrce tand isnualtes axon meylin is going ot be high lipd contenct in the PNS the nerulemmoc tencutls th aoxn and wrap si aroudn the neurleot cytoplasm and ncuels are pushed to the periher formign the neruilemma. but hte enrulom can meurlin only 1 mm of axon so there needs to be exster ofr one aoxns the the nodes of acalelo dneurbrfil nodes.


meyliong process of wrapping an axon


so the lemmocyte are going to myeling 1mm of the axon and they are going to wrap aroudn it and make neurilemma dnt eh ncuelus and cytpplasm are going to be bushed to the periphery and the enrulemmcytes are nerufibil nodes that are the nodes of ranvier.



n erfibil note neruloemmocyes nerulemme nirulimem


neirlemmocutes neurlemma neurilemion 1mm of axon. m aneurilmem aneurlemmcyte nerilemm meuyling sea3th.


myelingaiotn is my the myelino severla layer of memrba of glicl clels. high lipd contect give it glossy whtei apepraance and insutal axon int ehpns nerulemmcyte envirl the axon and wrapt isin layer forming myeling seaht nerulmmcyt cytppals a dncuels are pushed ot the perihpery formign neurilemma. neurilemm neurilm,me neurilemma neurilemm neurilemma



in the pns nerulemmcyt encirls the axon and wrap it int he layer formign meyling seath nerulemmcytes typla sna cneuls are pushed ot the periery formign nerulemm a nerylemmcye cab ery


nerulemmcytes neurlimma


axolemma



so teh nerulemmcytes have neurlemma and the ogliod encytes neurle


cns


int he Cs one ogliodencyets ca meyaligon 1mm of mutlipl axons each at mjtultipel spot no nerulemma formed nruofbiesl are between the adjaced wrapped semten. no neri


yest nerifbil node yes nerufibilo node no neruliemma



neurilemma



Neurilemma on neurlemmcyteno thte olgiodenctyes. neurlemmina on the nerulmmyctes not hte nerufibil nodes



so it pushes the nucleus and cytoplasm int othe perihy. iun the PNS ahte axon sits in the depresed ptoiton of ntheirlutes int eh CNS the uneyl is nog associated iwth the oldiotyes.


the PMNS is depressed the axon sits in the depress portion of hte nerulcytes .


in hte PNs the aon sit inh he dperssed porto9io o fhte nerulemcy int eh CNs the unkyedl peto ion isinot assoited iwht olgiodneycte.s \


in the PNs the axon is in the depressed portion and in teh CNs the unemyled axon is not axssoited iwth the oldionvryes.



nerulemmcutye the nerilemma



the PNs is going ot be sat in t he depressed portion the CN is sgoing o uneyla axon not assoicatedi with olddrutocites.




axon regionatiol



after truamting inurso PNS axons can reguantionre giaont is possibel i f the nerul clel boyd is etainct and if enouv neurilemma



axon regiaontoi is possible if there is neough neruon cell body iu tact and if enougn nerulemm reamins, sucessful rengation is more likely whent he anout of dmanabn gi snot too etenisv and the disntace between damang sa. struture it inteces is shorter,


regnerion is psoibel if neruo cell body is intact and ifneogu neurlemma ramins,


so enough nerual boy had ot be in tact and neriulemma.


asufess regnation is mjore lienly when the amoudn of dmang is no too extenisv e,



so first the axon severed by trama os the axon is cut the area that is proxim to the cut is seal off and swell what is dsital is going ot dengeraiton but ht eneruilem suvive snerial and endonerium forma a rengiaotn tibes


regeneration so the part that is closes to the cut , the axons sells off and swells, the part that is closes to the cut is going to swell and selas off and the aprt htat is furthers will degnerat the is called wallerian degneraiton


so the part that is cut closes is going to seal off and swell and the part that is furthest is going to wallerian degnerate but the neurilemma surivies.


So the wallerian dengarion happen s but the neurilemma surivies(the myelin seath). the neirulemm and endoneuirum form a regenartoin tube


the neriulemm and endonerium for a regneration tube


the distal part is going to wallerian dengarion and the neurilemma surivies


the distal is going to wallerian dengate and the neurilemma dne dnoierum is going to forma. regnation tube .


so the dista aort wallerian degeartes and the neirulemma nd endonerium


Ep Peri and Eno the enod and the nerium form a regnation tube. tha xons regnate g guided by nerve groth facts release by neurlemmocytes - schwan cells axon reinnver orignatio effects o rsensory



axon severed by trauma proxim is goin to make the axon seal off ans swell the ditsl is goingwallerian degneration is going to happen but hte neirulem surivies so the nierulemma na dhte endonerium is going to forma. regenration tbe. axon regneration guided by nervve growth facotsr relasedby nerulemmocyts. the aocn rengation guided by nerve troth facorsr relased by neriuellomocyts (the schwann cells) so the neriulemm the muyeli and thenedirum forms a rengaiton axon reinnervates orignal effocts or esensory axon reiners orgianl effort or sensory receptor .


so the neriulem and endoneirum for m a rengation tube the axon regnerate guided by growht facots relased by nerulemmocytes and hten i tiwl reinn


the aoxn is going to reinnervate orignal efftor or sensory receptor


the axon is going to reinver orignal effcto ro senosry recpetor .so again


so after injurs. the PNS axon can regnerate the axon is seved is well the distal part wallerign degenerates although the neurlemma remains, the renuellma and the endoneirum is going to forma regenraitb tube and the neurlemmcyt groth fcatrso are going to make it regenrat enad th axon is ong to re innervate re attahc ot the effor or sensory recpetor.



CNS axon regenreation is extremely limited - olgiodendcytes secret


CNS axon rengaitonis limtied oldrotye secre growth inhibt molcules not growth facots frothe inhibc mocluesl, larn nuerm of axons cord the CNS and regtuh


CNS axon rengation is extermely limited ogliodecytes wecre growth inhibitng molvueslo not growht facors, large numebr of aoxn crod the CNS regrwoth obstructed by scars form astorcyte and connectiv tissues.



pumps - membran proteins that mainta a concentraion gradient by nmoving subtstna recuires eneryg. so neryob have na j ad ca punps


chabnbel sa protien pores that allow concnetirona to move ina ndout they allow a speicif type of ion to diffuse then there is leak chanels that are always open and chenc ia gated channels are noramll closed opene whenntrumitters bind.





membrane proteins tha tmianta. concentriaon graduent by moving subtane agianst thei concnetiron graide and requi cellualr neryg



membre ptoein that maintin a concentriaon gadient by moving ubstanstes agina their ocncentiroan graide and reuire cellular enreyg neruons have N K and pump na ca2_ pump in their mmrbanes

p


pumps use energy to push things agianst thei gradents liek na k and ca


chanels are pores in themeamrbea to allow ions to move down their cocnetrioan graidne tinto ro ut of the clel when opent htey allow a speici fytp eof iont o diffuse proteion proe sin the mermba


MY SHIRT


protien pores in their


prtoeins pore sin the mrmaber tha allwo ions to move downt heir concnetriaon graide into oru of th the clel when opene dhtey allow a speicif tyep fo ion to dififus eprotien pores in the memrban tha lalow ions ot move donw their cone3ntriaotn graidnes when opent heya llows a speicif type of ions ot diffuse




elak channels are always poen for conitnous diffusion. leak channels are always open for ocntinous diffusion leak chnanels are always open for contious diffiosn chanel ar epores in ht emmrbe athat lalow ions to mov down thier ocnentioran gradne twhen open they allow a speifci fype of ion to diffuse.


channels are protien pores in the membran the allow ions ot move down thie concnetiaon graidnets when open they allow a speicif type of ion to diffuse


pumps will use enrgy to pump things agiansthier gradient channels are pors ithat allow ion to move down their concentrioan graidne when opent hey allow speicit ytope


leak channels are always open for contious diffiosn


chenmcai gated chanells are clsoed and open when nuetmritters binds

vltage channels are close dby when the membran. charge changes na channels ahv eacition and intt



chemical gated is whne a neutormitter binds to oepne it

leaks chnensla re alwyas open

chemical channels r normally closed

opene whne neutromitter binds

voltage gated channels are nroamlly clsoe dbut open when memrbane charge changes v-gated na+ chennel shav actiaiton and inaction gates.


channels ar eprotien prores in the membrane that allow ions to move down their conentraion graidnet when opent ehya llow a speicif type of iont o diffuse leak chanels ar ealeywa sot



leak channels are always open for continous diffusion chenmicalluy gated channels ar enormall clsoed open when neutrmitter binds. chemically gated channels -



volave vaed chaels noraml closed, but open when membrane charge chane file v gated na channel have acitivated and icatives gates,


leak chennel are alwasy poen for contionous difiiosn

chemci agated


chemiccaly gate chanenls nrutomitter binds


voltage gated chanels are nomall closed bu topne when mambre chane changes. v ctate na channels ah vavintiaotn aidninaciton but open when mmrbean char ge chra vcolra te memrbena charge changes.



soiudm changel have to that ere two stat

resting iancintion inc

1




resint state - actinvaiton



retni vioatn f inacit open and the try is epnet


actiona aiciotn open and opne are opne na moves inacit ve the actiion opena d


resting state : activaiont gate clsoed and


restin


tbe inactiv state last a ha-str time the chanel qiockly rest to resting state resets to resting state the chanell qiockly resets to resign state



normally closed


modality gated channels are noamlly close but opne oin reposne to sensory sitmulus liek temp pressure like and found in memrbaen s of sensory enruont ht reposn to change to their enviomentsome respcot nerof hav eht eskin have modality gated channels that open oin reposne to emcansialll pressure.


modality ar ealways closed and they open in rpeosne to change o fhte sneosyr and ther stumu and they ar eostly ins ensory memrban neruosn.



leak cnealle


na’


the memrba has naa dn k chanenls and a na/l ai,[ tp maonto resitn emmerbaen proitneil.


plasma membrea of funcitonal segments in a neuron:


receptive semeng chemically gated channels like chemicallgy gated cl- channels)

receptive segment chemically gated channels (like chemically gated cl- channels)


receptive segment dendrite and cell b ody chemicallgy gated chanels


recepti semgne L chemcially gated channels like chemicallgy gated cl channels:




plasma membrea of ufcnitonal semgents in a neruon - receptirve segment chemicallgy gvated chhanels


recpetive segment (dendrite and cells


receptive segments chemcially gated chahels semgen dneidte cell body chemcally gae chanelsl like chemcialgl gayate cl - cehnanle itn tientail semgn is the axon with the v gated na cannels and conducit ve



the recpeti ve smeng is the dendr tand the clel boyd it has chemical gatte chanelsl chemicallyg ated menaign the neruosmtiter is going to bind to the chemica lgated


now the intal sexmen is the aon helox where the voltaged gated na channela dn k _ channels are hten the xonducit vsmen is the axon andi s branches agian iwth v gated chanels


tramission smi si the synapti cknos whit h ca 2-hannel ans cpiumso


transmissiong channela dna pumps canenal dna pumps channels and pumps chennal and pumps chan nels and pump channels and pump channels and pump channels and pumo chanel and pump ca canenla dn pump hannels and pumps




electricla enregy 0- movment of charged particles electrical energy is the movment of charged particles elecitr enerytgt is the movemtn of chraged paritcl es





ekectrucak ebretfg s the ovment of charged particle eelcitrla nergy is the movment of charged particle elecitrl erneyf is the movment eo fcharege



electrical charge - movment o fhcarge ped ticle


neruon acitivyt dpeend upon elecital ocuurent there isthe volage the current and the reisitn


the voltuej is the differne in eelctricla chrage between two pales repotns potineital ernegy meausre din volts


the cucunre ti shte movment of he charged particle across barrier seprating them



the voltage the idfferne in electr charne reosnet the proitneal ernegy invoels the cucrrenti is oging to e the movmetn of charge dpairtlc across abrbere serpating them

reisitna toppostion to movement of charged article in increas ein R lower I


I is cucunrelt

as R ince i lowers.



voltae is the differenc ein electral change beteween two places reproesent toptinatl enreg


curuenti s the movmetn of charge paritlce scoros barriers sepraitng them

reisiis tin is hte oppsoti to movment of charged pairtc les




volat ge


ohms law says the tht cuurent is the voltate /reisitn cuurnet increase with larger volate and smaller resisi tthe cuuren is the volate /reisit vurrent- voltat ereisitne



ccurrent = voltate / reisitna


as applies to neruosn charged particl are ions and uccrne i enerated when ions diduse through chanenls the cuuren is chgenre hwne ions idffuse through voalt hte ovlate exis acros sthe memrna due ot iuqlai sd=sitrio


cuuren is when he ions diffuse 5hrough chanenls the voltage acos hte merba due ot enqual ditiron of ion hte memrba offers resisit to ion flow and the reisitna change due to the aciont of gared chanels, reisit decrease when channels open .





cuuren i the movment of charged particle sacroos the palsme memrbea

the voltaeg is the differne in elecitral charge


voltat ei shte diffenre in elecitrl charge betweent eh memerba the reisitn oposition to movem to fcharged pairtl and it decrease hwnd channels oppn.e


resomt meirpms tje opms are imq;u dotrited tdie tpt je acopmt p fjte [o,[s

there os loer cmeeptorpm om osde tjam pitsod ema cpmcemtoprm om ma c; cat2

sp tjat ,eams tja tjte omsode os ,premegatoe ve




IF = interstial fluid - outside

the ca2_ chanenls


cahrge difienre acros the mermb i the memrba ptioenail. ctysok is more negait the resit ptoiantil i s aroudn negati 7- mv meaused in micletrioed. ‘



and voltememter


so the ca 2- Concentiroan graide sxsist at eh syatnpic know and gated channels are close dint eh fcitnoal semgne ofht eclel

s

so there are ions more k inside and na ca cl outsid e



Resitne mermb. ptoepn


K= is the most imrptoa fact in the RMP


K diffuses out the cell due to its ocnentrioan graid ethe K+ diffusion out is limtied by the electral graudent


k diffison is the most importn. tfacoti hte if \


k


the role of the na/l pump allows to push 3 posti ve and only two out and tue pim contribes tbaout -033 mv more imsptornat i meiant the ocnentrioan graide for these ions.



different phsiologic event occur at eahc neuon segments wrok ins euqnece ofrm itnaiton stumtul of to relas eofrm



recpeti ve segment graded potiensla e sort lvied change dint eh RMP with the folwoign charcer they etbalis in the recpeit semgeu



repceit semgen graded poitenails are small short lvied change sin the RMP with the follwign charcaters theya re estblise ditne hsrepiet sembe by oepnein of hcemical gated ion chenlsl os the Chaneges o fhte reitm ine merab happens becaus ehte hcemical gation ion chanenls open, local current change s are short lvied and they vary in decrere they can be depoarlizing or hyerpoalrein


graded potienils i postysnt


postynti oil eil are exitition ahd the hyerp arne inhibtory nerouys psotyentiap ptoeinsonal cna eb gereate db yecuase psotiaon neuros bitn do meany enruomsit stimautlosu


so the recpeotidisnge hte change integ risnt memrbe apreiont hajhpens becua seo fht 0peopngo fhte chamic atate hcanel beuca os eht epensytanmp and this cause dpeoarliziaong tha ti sis ieit and the inhtib. that hyis theypreozliatn ang ht enroeus poeitnaol o the psytamt nca eb be ruao erperop the psto ant can bing mandy mntorm smcoelusl istislosu.


eiid are caused by the An entrying and it will increase the resign ptopena and make it more psotiaon and the inithi is causse dby the K+ exiting o rhte cl entryong



So INhit is isc aus edbyt eh memrban beignogn enve more negait this is becua so the K leaves ro cl comes in and the exiti or is befcause the na comes in and amk3es it more psotive .

\


itial semgn the usmmortio o fht epsp san dsps happen. ath e axon hi8llor



the itnail semgne usmmotr o fht eepsps and ispsp ococorua. the aoxn hollock voltage chaged sof romt hd ensi and somares


summats o the pwps and pep shappen ath teh axon holoic o shte oclag hcnea form the dnen s ar eosmar are added. the sum mayr or may not reach thresold ot intait o and aciotn ptoienions. th ehtier sil is about -55 so the sumationof the epsp and epsp occurs at hte aoxn hilloco and if it reaches -55 mv then a aciton poitenaol happens. mutltip epepsp are added ot erahc thresold if hte htreisl reaches the aoxn hilloc intiation semgn the v gate channels opne and the ap is gnernate d.



sumamtion occurs acorss psa c eba dtm ther ie siaptial hwere the rei smtultip locaiotn reicign iotuao


and ptemopa wher ie tis a singl neuro repaly relaus es,.


spiatl is going to be mutleip at diifeito area dn tmerpal is one



spital summorit mutliupel lcoaiton o the clel reipcti reigon reicie neutorn situlsu and genre the ptoan the temproal is a singl prensyta nyeron repldy relas seutmt ei arn rpoduce smutlipe epps iwthin a short perio do tiem 2 ap arria t the mteirnak alsot sitmosusly.


r4eceptive segments with chemical cahnels ithe ital segment with the volatgeagated

and the odcuted and thetraittions iwht pumps


the receptive segment graded ptoeionsl when there is a change of current that caries can cause dpeoralizon or hyerpaorl or epsps or epps



exitotoary epepsp happens becausehtere is an increa in na inside the meemrban the inhbitor happes becuas ek+ exitst making it more negative . or cl- comes in


intatal semgemtn so the aciton ptoientail of hte ep


the eppp or ispps are going to sum at the axon hiloco intiaiton segmetn and tdepend what hpapens if it reaches threshold that is -55 then it will either case aciton ptoiteniol and open v gated channels ot let na inside . there is ptaitl summation where there are mutliple receptios opening on mutlipe dendrites or temproal wherne ther eis a single rpenatil neruon repdly nueotmier


spaitlai is stronger. spaital is strong er spaitial is stronger.


if threshold reached, aciotn ptoientail generated na prpogated donw aon without any loss in intensit


all or non law - if threshold reaches, aciton ptoiential generated and prpogaed down axon without any los sin intensity if the threshold is not reach the voltage the volgate chaged channels stay closed and htere is no aciton ptoietnioal. the axon shows same inteisit of resposne to values greater than thershold ismialr to waht occurs iwth a gun



all r o nothing if threshodl is reached then it generates a aciton ptoiantol ad it gest send down the aoxn iwthout olsos of inteisity if ther thershold is not reache hte voltaed gated chanel sstay clsoe dno aciotn ptoientaol the axon shows same inteisity of repsone to greater



increasing the threshold afate rhte aciton ptoeitnail doens tmake the ap once fired greatedr


when it happens it happen

with suffience pressur ehte gun fires with insuffiencit pressure not fired

fire the same if trgger sequedcedv ery hard .


the conductive segment -



so there is the recpetive itnatio and the conduction whci is the


RICT


RICT

RICT

transmittion si the synaptic ducts

the contudito is the axon where the aciton ptoiton eninveosl depoarliztion and rpeoalrizioant

the dpeoraliton si the gaino fhte postive na as it entesr and ther epoaltion is the reto to negat as k_ ecsit s.


return to negativ as k+ exitst


so depoarlion is hwen na plus goe sin and repliiaotn is hwen k+ exit s




ap i prpocted wnax o to sytapi cknow hte oltage





ap is progated down axon to sytnapitc knob voltga gated channels open donw axolemme proptaion is called a ne4rve singal



gernation of an AP depoalrizon and its progpagtion


geriton fo an ap deproalzion and its progpagetion


steps in dperolzioatn as an+ enters from adjetion gated


int he incation stat eh ana channels clsoe temrparly


repialrizion ha[pens when k+ leaves the channels. the k+ cannels opena nd the k+ duses out and negative emrmbar


the K chanesstop oen fro logner itme an dmakes the sell more negative than the RMP ut heyparolzioatn


K- chanlel sclsoe tn the RMP is restabliches.



So it goes threshold - dpeoalrizion repoalrio hyerparoin and then rmp is estbalished


it is activated afte rhet an+ /K pumps so three leave and two K- comes int


then there is th referactio roty perio when t aciotn ptioant another one beign genriete di sinkpsttiel to fire another ap


ther ei shte aboslrut reof ptiot when no sitmuslu can intiate



refracotry perio ithe rpeiod after an acito ptieotn is fired and oather one cnat fcire


abwoltu refractio rperio no sitmulus can intiate



absolute reracito perio dno stumsulis can intiaton another ap hte channels are open and then ingative enusre propgation gotwa towards the snyptic knowb oens rever direion so the absolut refario is 1ms where no


the channels beocme inactive ot ensure progatioes goeds downt he synmapti cnow and there is no reverse ireiotn absour regrator period 1ms no sitmulsu can itnaite another ap na channels are opne and then icnatve dndur epropgation goes toward syanptic know and doesnr reverse direciton


realtive refractory period another ap is porssibel the na channels rse tut ht eminium sitmul is


clel is slightly heyrpaorl and fruthe rform thrisutl



there is absolute refratio rpruyer that no sitmulous can itnat


intiatio andothe rpa na channels ar eopren and then inacated enusr eprogiao goes towra snyatp i kn od ownd es revr diroen relati ve refradion perio dis naother ap is possibel but the min sitjulus streneht is now some k+ channels are sitl open clel is slighleyr perioer


so the aboslut emenaing that i si all claose os ntoehr the relati vemn ign thsa some are starting tioe n but beuca she tclel isheyrp[eoral thea ti needs a thre depoalrizion to reahc the thrsuhsodl it is furthe rawya so the absolatuo rujenaifneiwjfiw


contionsud ocfurs one uemrauaoxonws f



contionus condution occurs on unmyelitned axons -

continosud condution occurs on condition occurs on u








we git te receptiv esegnent that dependinog on change of hte memrbanre is going to cause hyperpzliation or dperlaruo . so itdpends on the chemcia chnanels and hte realse of neutromitters form the preysnaptic . this is going ot change the


epsp is exititoyr and its igoing dpeoarlyzie and cause ap and inhribotir is the pstuan


the tination segmet is the sumarm iton fhte firing. so bascill what happens is that


the summationof hte epsis and ispsis is oging to build at th the axon hlliucl. the coltage changes from the dendrite and soma are added. so thee is thersfol and if threshold happens from -60 to -55 then it si going to firea cation tpeotienial and there is spaitl sumation meaning is is going ot be mutlipe dif locaiton firing athe sma eitme or ptempaor that is going to fire reapdly. spatial is stronger.


all or nothing meanign if it reaches thesufl if it doens na dhten voaltage gated channels are going to remain closed na dit will nto do anything. the aoxn shows same intensity of reposne to values grreather than threshold.


conductive semgent is the axon wher the aciotn pteointil is going to be send downot he axon terminal and the volatage gated chanenls Na is going to open and push it down. depoalrizioatn is goingto be the na openign and repolarizion gis the k openeing

a pi sprogated odnw.


step sin deoalriziaotn the na censl opne and etner

inactivaiton state menaing that the na channels are going to clsoe.


genreaiton of an AP repolziation and its progpagation stpe sin repolaitizon dpeoraliton


the revfracoty si the period of tiem that the acion petoienail cant fire no more ther ei saboslute meanign that no sitmulsu anc afiire and relativ erieaonenaign that some na are starting to open again and this si going to cause it to




absolute refratory peiod no sitmulus can intate another ap na channels are open then ianctive ensure progaption towars ysnpaic know doens revese direciotn, relative rfefractiry periods noather ap is psosibel btu the min ssitls bec


isnt enoguh




relative refractoyr perios another aciton ptoienil is aontehr buthte min sitmulus strenth is now greaters



continous condtion occurs on unmeyiate daxons -


continous conduciotn occurs on unmeykated aoxn - charge opens voalte gae chanels which allows chartge to enter which spread sto aject reigo and opens more channels.


continosy conduciotn occurs on unmeylariotn aoxn,


chartge opens voltage gated chanels which allows chrage to

enter which spread sto aject reigona dn opens more channels



contionsou concution


CONDITNOUS condution occurs on umeyalted axons ,


vopnyinpu ducntip occyrs



continous condution occyrs = on ynmyatled aoxn


continous condution occurs on um eyatled axons - charte opens voltage gated chahnels which allwos charge to enter. contionsu condution occours on uemayteld - chartge opens volatge ahwich allwos chrare to eneter which speads to ajecaten reigon and oepns more channels sequientlly.


so charyge opens ovlatage cgated chanels ansllwos chare to enter which spreads to ajecaten reiogn and opens more channels sequtially


continous condution occurs on umyealted axons the charge open svotlaygye gated hcnanels and which allwos charte to enter which spreads ot ajecatne reiogna dnoeps mroe channels squtally. so cuz is tpreads it causesthe other reiogns ot open their channesl and its like a pushign


ap occrus along ENTIre elgnth of the axon the ENtire lenght o the axon


saltaory conditon hahpens on mylated aoxn


Ap occurs only at hte neurofile notes


AP in contsiou happens acros shte nteir elenght of the axo


ins latoary condition ap only happens ath enrufibile nodes bcuezs thsis is the part that isnt yateld. whic is the wehr ehte aoxnso


thsi emansi that he enrufbiel nodes are ogint go tbe the axon volatge acehanels ar econcentriaotn after na enters at a ndoe it rapdilu psotive currentdown inside the aoxn myerltionaed reiogn. after na enters a noit starts. rapid povie tuccrnet dow the isndie of the aoxn myelianted



after na enters at a node it starts a rapid psoivie current dow the sindie of the axons meylated reiogn after na enters at a node it satart. arapid psoive curent downt eh isndie of hte axons myelatiend reiogn. after na enters at a nod ei sarts a posive cucretn down insti ehe axon ualte , the current becomes weaker with sitance but stills trong enoguh topoepns.


so at the first node the na enters and it sends a rpaid psotice durrent donw the meualted it beocme weaker but still enogujh top open the next voltage gated channels at the next node. ap occurs at the ndoe and the process rpeats at the next . impule sarpepat. jump from node ot node and slatro is mucj faster than coinsoy due to fast er diffion of ions alonf he alox


slatoori smuch faste than icnotys ocndutoin due to faster idffion of ions along hte axoplams. cibtubisy cibdutuib us faster diffusio of ions along the axoplasl akso meyakted cells use less atp to maintain resting memrbane protienal. mylateid clel suse less apt to mraininr esingt


MYlated cell sue less atop to maintgnre sing memrbena prietnos.


due to fission of ions along the axoplams. myelated cell syse les sapt ot mrinitn resing memebran potienisl .




transmissive semgent - activity at the synpaic knob arrival o fap opens v gated ca 2+ chhanels



transmissive segment


  • actiivty at hte synpait cknow


activity at the synpatic knob


acitivty at the synpatic kob - tramissive segment is going to te bet hsntaic know

arripacl of hte atp is going to open teh voltage gated ca2+ chhanel and the ca will diffuse into know


ca 2-+ bindcs ot prietns assoicated iwth the synaptic ceiscle sna dnt triggters exotis veiscles fuse with memerbane nerosmtiter relased



sttibsl o yhr s[ p[rm djyr bps;yr hsyrf vs;oi, smf yjhsy eo;;fogidr omyp yrh knpe d



y


the caliusm will bidn to protiens associated iwth snyapci veiscl enad that is going to trigger exosis

‘

so once the calcium coems in then that will bidn to protiens tha tare assoicated iwht the nsyapti cieslc and thea twill trigger exotysis to relase


the veiscle fuse with the mermaben and the trnierom realsew


te nerusom fibdi the ligan repcoet ncueons cns ystni more thant one neruosniterers.

only one tyep is realsed at a tiem and dpendon ferua


arrival of ap opens v gate caalim and tha ti sgoing ot idfuse into the know and that calium is going to bidn to rpeitn sasociate iwth the veislc and tha is goign to triger eoxysis and veislc fuse with memrbe anturmitter relase, netiromitter bidn to ligna repceot neutons cna synting more than on neitmisste rbut only one can be realsed at a time. only one type can be realsed a ta time only oen tpe of neutoitter cna be relased at a time dpeendon on fe3quncy of PA the rach the synaptic knobw.


neuromtiers idn to lgian repceto nreuosnc an sytneign more than one neruogm only one tyep is relased a ra iem.


recpeitin instial condtion trmaittion


recpeit


RICT

rcpeti intaiton conditi na dtrmaittion.



repciet intiaon conduciotn and tmrision .



grade ptoenals versus aciton pteointal


trade ptoetnal.


graded ptoienail occur in enurons repciet reiogn due to ion flow through chemicall gated chanenls.



graded ptientail occurs in neruonrecpetive reiogn due to ion flow through chemicall gated channels can be pstioiv eo rnegati ve



graded proietnail occur in enruson repceitve reiogn due to ion flow through chemcially gate channels


graded ptienoal occur in. aneurons repceit dioing due to oin flow throuh cemcai gated can be psoii voe neragirt vh



graded ptientail happen in the neurosn recpetiv eregion due to ion flow through chemciall fate dchannels, can eb psoitie or negative changes in charge. can be psitie or negatice changes in charge.


can be psitive or negative change sin charge,


can be psitive or negative changes in charge. can be psiti eo rnengat are graded have larger priential change to sotrnger simtulsu ar elocal travel only a short distance are graded have larger priental change to stronger sitmusl, are lcoal travel only a short distanc.


ae graded have larger potienal change to strnger sitmulsu ar elcoal


aciotn occur on neruosn doncdition reion de ot ion flow through v channels invoel dpeoarlin repaltion all ro nothing proga teod onw.


gradied proetal occurs in a neruson repceito reiogn due to the chemcia chanenls opening and can be ngatie veo rpiwsti ce chnge si n char ge are grade dhave larger proietnail charge to stornger sitmulus. are lcoalt travel only a short distance

are gradedl have larger pitenail change ot stornger simtulsu





are graded L have larger proiteail chage to stronger sitmulus, are grade have larger ptienatil change to stronger sitjmulus have large rptineal change to storngerdot,is;i ar ecpa




grad eptoantoil occur. athe rdrepic aocpt [toeiant l ocours at he codntiove


graded a thte repcit and aciton at hte ocndicite.



velocty of ap progiaont condition speeds depndos ont eha oxn dimater and myleitniaton thicher fibers condutc tfast htan thing one thich ax


condition speed dpeodns on the axon dimater and the muatl. thichk ker fiber conduct fast than thin one. thicker poepl get bitcues fast tha tjin ones. thick axons offer less reistance to ufcrrnet flow donwthe axon.


muelinated fibers conduct much faster than unyated onesl current flow unde rmyeling between nodes i very fast. mylated fibers condution musch fstaer. thicker fibers ar efaster than think one thick axons offer less reisitn to cucurne flow


thicherk fibers conduct faste rhtan thin onesl thick axons offer less reisitance or currentflow donwt he axon te thicker fibers conduct fiber than thein ones thick and mylinated rhick and mylateind. thich fibers and mylated fibers




thick fibers fonduct faster than thin ones myalted fibers ocnduct much faster umkyalte done


nerve fibers grtoups nerve fibers n axons an dit smyeling seath



belviot ity ap progaoion thicker fibers conduct faster tha thin one thick axons offer less reisitanc eot current flow down the aoxn.



thicker fibers conduct fast re htan thin one sthic axons offer elss reisitn to cucurne tlfow dont eh axons



never fiber groups nerve fiber an xon and its myeling seath, nerve fiber and


nerve fiber is an axon and its myeling seath.


grou[


nerve fiber is an axon and its muyeling seath group A conduciot vleoit as fast as 150m/sec large diamer mulianted fibers most somatic cneuosn als



enrve fiber groups an axon and it smyelign seaht so group si a150m/s and its super fast it has a large diamer meanign its fast , myalted


this invldue smost aomsait sneosry neurosn


most somatic sneosry neruosn - meaning that they are going to be


most somati senosry neryosn cuz of the five sense and all somatic motor neruson - thsi si hecaus ee wee need fast reaciotns.


groups b cnducts at 15ms groups


group c condusta t 1ms/ it has a small diamter an/or umeyalted it ha ssoem visceral nerons (sensory) and some somatic senosry neruosm frhte skin.





nerve fibers it goes gorup. a b and c group a is muerlatie large idamter and it has the sfive sense and the spamtic notmr neruosn

te b is fiteen and c is 1m/s and it has the visceral and the soamtic seneory neruosm from skin



fre3quncey of ap progaiton inpulse ferquence aps


although impulse ampliteud ei sconsit , firign fequencey varies with sitmulus strenth, although impulse amplitide is constant firing ruqncye varies iwth sitmylys trenght. although impulse aplitude is consatt firign fqueney varies with sitmulus strenght. although impulse amplitude is conatn, firign fequncey varies wtih stuls strenght.



feqyncye of ap proigaiotn inul fe4qenc arires


although ipulse aplitudue is consant firing feuiq



brigh lghts cause faster fiirng feuqnec eonthe topuc nerve than dim lights

when mtoeor nerves firs tte


when motor nerves fire at faster fequency it causes muscle to generate more tension. when mtoor nerves fire a faster fe4quency it causes muscle to generate more tension


when motor nerves fire at fast fequenct ut causes myscles to generat emore tension when motor nerves first


for neront hat can use fi



neurmtier are syntehized byneruons and stored iwthin veiscle in snyatpic knobs. are sytnhixe dby neruosna dn stored iwthin becusle


neruosm iets ar made ny neripna nd stored iwthinv eiscl ein synapto cknow are rleased ofrm veislc ehwen ap triger clim enry


bind to a repcit

triger phsycogly repsons oint hecar e


aprpixly 100 dif ones have beennaems or classifeid


ernisom


four main chemica classes of neutormitters -



there are foru chemcia callseos fo enutomtiter s

there is acetylcholine - sturcutre differe sutbautlly from other tramitters


acetyl choline.


ABAN


ABAN

RICT

ABAN


A Ban

ABAN


acetylcholing


amino acideds


Neuropeotudes

ABAN

A ban

achety chodling

amino acids

neruptoetides

acetyl cholid is strucutarlly diffenret


biogniv mainc is an mino acid slgihtly mdified ot make the tramitter. catecholines are made form tyosine




acetyla cholins trucutre differne sutbatall from other trmaiters

acehtyl chodlin is differs from other trmaitters

buogenic amines an aminoc acis is slgihtly modified ot sytnehiz ehte trmaitter. \


acehyelcholdin strucutally difienre


BIogenic aminoa are modifed aminos to make neruomiters

catecholines are made form ytosin and indori


aceytl are buiotrucually di f

viobic aminocs are going to be s

‘



acehtylone is oging ot be diffenre struucall bugenic mainis are oging ot be mjodified amino acid to make trnaiters


catecho


cetcholamiens are domapien



cateholines are mad efmro tryosin

Caehcolamiens cateholcins are mad eofmr tryosine

c

atecholines are made form tyorisn

catecholes ar mad eform tyorisn


catechoelsin are made form tysosin

catecholines are mad eform tyosisng


catecholamiens are made from tyosine

catecholiens are made form tyosisne


catecholamiens ar emad efrom tysoisn

catecholamiens are made from tryosin

catecholamiens are mad eform tysoisn

catecholamiens are mad eofmr tyrosin

catecholamiens are mae from tyosin

cahtehoclames ar emad efomr tyorisn

catehoclaies


catecholamoeisn are form form tysoin

indoalmienso are from from histodine and trypoah


indolameisn are mdinrf or hsitdine


catehcolamiesn ar emad efmr tysoi

cateholes


cate tyro


indlamiens histo


Indo

Histology


histodin



cateholies are amd eform tyosin


cateuwe s areomf amod rytpis and idonlameis ar emid ehfor hsinodliens


hstiiline

histidine


amio aicds are


amino acids incldue glautmat eglyci na d ga


GG

gluatme lvucina nd ga a

aceythil si sturucuralr ldif er

biogei amcis ar emodied amino acid to make trmaiters

cateloes mad eofmr tyrpso indoialiem rom tyrphana d hsitidien

amino acids are the common trammiutier sGGG

gluatmamt elguicn gabab


amino acids include common tramiters gluatmat elgicn agaba


amjino acids include tr


amino acids are the common neutosmitters glutamte glycin gabab

amino acid sincldue common trmaitter gluatme gluycin and gaba


neruptpeid echains pof aino aic inclduign endophorins subtan P.



neruptie de chains o fmaino acids


nerutpid are chains of amino acids inclduin neruptie d are proieis are


Peptides ar echains of maino acids inclduign eprheobin and substanc eP


so wneurpids are chains of aino aicd

s

acyetheil sit rucutrally diifenre buognei amicnos are oging to be amidif ed aminio acids to maek neurons there i catheulaes hat is gormoign orfrm tryosnina nd teh indolamiens that hiis form histidine andtrypthan


amino acids ar ehte most ocmmon neuormsiteters fluatmat egaba lyoi neruprot are chains of amino acids. incldugin epinform subtanc e{



Clalsifneio by efec otn memrbea


traiiterscase cause PESP and inihtior trmaitterds caus eEPSP btus oem trmaitters cn exite soe targera nd iiitbo todpeigno no speicn rieon



claddifioant by aciotn -

direct tramiters bidn to recpeto that


direc tramittes bidn to recpetos that are chemciall gate chaenls


direc tramittes bind to recptors that are chemically gated channesl -


direct tramitiers bidn to recpeot sht atbind


direct tramiters bind to repcitp that checially gated chanensl



indirect bidn to recpots that invole g prtien and seonc dmesent

ersp dre cner



so direct is teh it wil lbeoin the chemcial channel and this si going to cause direct openign and then thereis indiect wherehte tramiter bind to repcot that is oging to acitivat e a gp rotin and that is oging ot caus indirect opengionf of anoter.


direc tdireclty opn chanels idnriec tis through gr porteina dn seoncdya emssengers.




achetylcoholsi the best chateacez nerusmtiter. it is used in the PNS to simulate skelta msucle used in teh CNS o increase arusoul




USined in PNS to sitmualte skeltal muscle


Usedin PNS to stimulat eskelat msucle used in PNS to smutalte skelta msucle usedin teh cns ot inceare

acetyl colid si the bes thchated neuromtites it i s



achnetyl cohin in the PN si used to skintial skelt muscl and in the NC sof rincrease aoursla




acetat and choline and it is sotre din in syatnpic veislc e


acheytl cholisn is the best charcter neutormitteds ueidn in PNs to sitmuatle skelta muscle and in teh CN sto increa sarousal.


used in PNS for sitmaitulat ion fo the skelta msucla nd int eh CNs of rincrea sourna sytnhform form acheht and cholin so eidn in spintap


aciotn some ach attahces to psitubuatp recpto


ach is clead from belf by being fbroke donw to aedta and cholin an take up by teh prenys tclelfor eryclt by aceyth8linters ae




acetycholinesterase


achetylineasterase efect on targe cells dpeonds on recpeot presetn nciotn vs



acheytl chodlign

effec t on target cell dpeonds on recpeot present L nicinic vs muscarinic recpot effect on target cell dpendoson repcpe tnIcotnic vs muscarinin repco rs.


if it bidns ot the nicotnic repcoet i scatus ehte epsp or if it binds ot eh msucairne to activ aesendoar mednat ecan resutl in epps or iinsis

nicotnin spep simsciarning rpe3co will acitva te gptrointa ndreuslt in epsp or ipssp






to acitiv ese ocnd messganer systne invoel gp rotien can reusl tin epsis or isps


nicotnic repcot to openion channels anc cause peps or to msuciarnign repcot ot aifig seonc dmessenger systne invovle. grpproitne cna reuslt in epsps por ispsps.



nciotni crepo to opn oin cahens and cause epsp or ot msuciarni




iniconti crepto to open ion chanen sanc asue peeior o thnsucairn eip to acit vseondyar messenger syte ginovel gp rotin can reuslt in epsp or ipsps


nicotni crepcot opneion channels and cause pss or tomsucirn rec to ahve


nciot i spe msucina

k lk

ks epe sand musnirn is going ot be g proitne invoeld anc an cause epsps or ispsp.



msuarinic repcot to aiv r esonedya meessenge rystme invovlign g protin cna reuslt in epsp sor ispsp


msucairn repcoet ro acitive soencd emdsenger sysnte involg g tproin can reusl tin epsp or ipsps.




removal of neuron can be caused bye nzuyem



\neruom ao fneuromties form synatpi cclef oan occur in varied ways enzyme might degrad neutromitters


acids are dgeis tby MOno amino acidsae ceatyholes ae boek donw by catechol o methyla trmier .



remal of neotmwer form th sytnapo ccleft cna occur in varied ways - enzymej might degrad enuomitters acids are diges by monomaino


Enzyme might degrade vatnaoiesn ae broek donw be COM


pensymt etnapt eri o



removal orf trnapeir of hte synatpic cleft happens becua enzyme might dega netomier



penusyt etrnapoer might be iportosme ntruoam diffuse awya from synatps e


removal of neutoiters ofm the synapti cclec tcan offure in many ways the enzyme can degrad netiosm


rpensyt trnappirt might imrptoan etions


soem trnoan fidduf eo ayw aofn ysanp eh rebsobt by glail



some druts have their effec tby ifnclduign


womje uge have thei effec tby finlduigne tmriatter removed


SSI’s trea dpression by reuprto of serionsin







selelcito


SSRi’s tread dpersion abnd allows erontin to remin in the cleft lgoner becuas iet i soging ot allwo it


iniht the reuptrka

eSSIR’s are going to treat dperssion and allwo serotning to remain in the cleft longer.


SSRI’s tread deprssion and allow deorntoin to remin in the cleft logner


SSIR are going ot ifnlcue trmaitter remoeal becuase it is going to lalo whte inhtior to stop reutp and that allwos eirongin to remina the rssirtrea depression and allows reiosnt ot rmeian int he cleft logner


Galatamien hydrbodiems is an achteylat inrhito to trea axlheirme




SSrri is oging ot stop the reutpake of resoetn

galatamin hydrbiem si an ihbto to stop reupt ake o fhte achetyloin to tea alzhierms deias

ealzimer sidaes



alziemr diseas is treated iwth galatine hdrybidn to trea alzhiermdiease.



SSr tead dperiosn


galatiname in dhyrobrom

Galatime hdyrbimre galaitne hdurobeims hdaglaiedn fbeu is going to sopt axheylcholine beign reutpake to teat


if us top the reutpake of axheythcolin it is going to reate zlheiemr diease if u stop the reutpak eof ahcyetline it is going to sotp the reutp ake and treat alzhierm diease. aglatind hrbeism iand acehtychil inhibto used ot terate alzhiere.


galatienmine hdyrbien si and achetuylin inhbito used ot treat alhziemt diease.


neruomdoatul chemcial that alter rposnoie of lcoalt neruosn


neruomdoualter are hcemical that altehr reposneos of lcoal neruosn.





SSRi treat derpssion and allwos eiorn gatlomfalls the sotpign of the reuptoek f cahcyethiclin to trea zlheirmes.




neruomdoautls are chemical that alter rpeosnos eof lcoalt neruosn




neruomdoluatlr chemical that alter preonsosn of clcoalt neruosn


neruocmdoaltur s are hcemical that alter perosneo so flcoalt neruosn

nerumdouatlar s are cheimfcal that alther prodnso fo lcoatl neruosn

neruomdoatl a re chemical that alt erpsoneos of cloatl neurons

hcemical sthat altel rproenso ofcoat neruposn

neruomdoatl a rechemcia that alte rpsoneos o floal tneruons

faccilation modualt that cfauses greatre psoieni n psotuantp nuoner

]


neuromdualt are chemicalthat alter rempsoneo f lcoal neuron

neuormodlatula reh chemcia that alter reposneo of local tneruon

faicltioan mdoculat hta cause great reposnein


faciltiaotn is the mdualtiont ha causes rreater reposnin ispsiutnatio neuron mayen icnerase amoutnfo neruomtiter in flce of numebr of posiu


faicltiaotn in neromdioatn is going to icnrea eht amoutn fo repcot so the neurmitters

nitric oxide a short lived nonpolar gas can act as a neruomtiter

nicti


inhibti modluatoin that causes weaker reposine may derease the amoufn o netumion in lce fo ntomerh fo nerifoa


faicltion is giong othbe icnre apoe ro neroam abnd inhitbi s going ot be the decease in neruomitetes oin the or repceot

s

nitric oxide a short live nonpolr gas


nitric oxide a short lvied non poalr gas

nitric oix is a short live d nonpoar fa an


nitric oxid a short live. onnpoarlg as by paoisnty in whr


nitric oxide a hso rlive nonpoar gas can act as a neruomtiter or a moduatl made nad realsed by pstunat neuron in brain wher eit ibelvied ot stenghe memrboy affect


neruomoduatlare hcemical that alter preosn of lcoalt neuro faicltiaotn is going ot incereae and ihribti is going doe tedpeo repoe t


nitrio xoid s anonpoalr gas cna act a sneuotmitoer oa mcuel and amde and rpeoalsye by psotin s i



nicit oxid




nictir oxid ei a short lvie dnon [oarl gas nca act a s aneuotiter o mdokatul made and realbe buyt psotnautl brain ni wher eit is going to stenrhge memrby by affect sptneayl clel efec tin teh PNS and incldue


enocnanoids is mocluels that infleuc e



neurodoatlo chemical that alter peronsosw fo lcoalt neruon faicltiaon moduatls that cause greatre preponsin inpsotun cpa tnmay increase amoutn


nictro

neruomdoaltrs are chemical that alter porneos of lcoal modeual faicltiaont is going to cinrea ehte repcot or the nuemrbo fneriosmit tinthitionis going to depc o numebr or o the neiro


nicitr oxi d

a short line nonopoarl fas relase db y the psot nuap an darfec tht pernsypat na dincrae hte breanmemrb effects inteh PSN incldued blov esll elidolat


enconfoi si going to infeluc same repcto that marijuana does and ade an repalyed by pstinatu lhave afeect on prensyta trmatue r



so neruomdoalruwls aroe giong ot be realed byt he psotst and then that is oging ot oincleut eh presyntpao c



fialciton inhtibti

nitric
NO is going to


enocfaoi si going to be like mariuan and influcne memrboy and ht epreynspt


meory and patieit


memory and petie de



NO and marijuann enodncoids

NO enocdnoaids NO


nerua ools groups neruons arrange din psiecif patther


Neuromdolaurs r eoign to influce hte presnyta beuca ehtye ar elreals edomf thr postynatpic



Nerual ppols groups of raoerus arrang ein pseic paterh fourt tpe fo cir ge




neruoal pools groups of nueorn arrahce din speici pattehr - nerual pools gorups of neruosn arranged in pseici frpattehrs goru type os cirucit

convering digi


conveirn divering reverbetaint parlal afte dishc


nerual pools are groups of neruosn arranged in psieic patther bools may eb lcolied or distrbued in several regions of CNS pool maybe be lcoalied or sitrbued in several reiogn of CNS




COnverign cictui input ocnvers at a singl psytnapic neruosn


INput converses at a single postynaptic neruon


input ocnverge s at a singel psytnapic neruon


INput ocnverges at a singel psotyantpic neruon


cneriogn inputs conver at a single psytnap


INput

input onvers a singl potunatpic neuonr inptu converges a singel psotynatpic neruon, input convers at a singel psutantpic neruon input converges a t a singl psotynatopic neruon


input converges at a singel postynatpic neuron


input convergesa st a isngep pusnot



fong4int i5ui


the inputs conver at a sut postynatio


The inptus are allr evied by one singgel psytantpic neruon

muslc esneorputs syntaps eon


mutleip puts snatpsoen on ernuon the insvl e


OCnering many iputs reiveid by on pst ytnatp


Divers the prensytam give to sever pstutna


So manu prenstuap to one psot


NA didver is one presbtua to maney psot


reverating icuti uses feedback to prudce


reverbatingv cuirtut uses feeback to produce repeated cyclical acitivyt uses feedback tp prpduce repated cyclcial acitivty -


uses feedbakc to prpduce repawted cyclical acitivy cyclical acititye ‘


one start is says acitv e


the citiur that keeps


reverberating cortui is going to use a look repated rfeecack and it stas alive intil there is an inhibtory sitmulus


cirut that keep s

reverbatinis a giant oop

reverbtainis a giant loop

reverbatin is a giant look reverbating is a giant look

reverbating is a gian look


reverating is a gian look

reverbating is a giant look revevating is a gian look once saartedi t stays acigve untl there is an intior




paralle after discharge ciruit



input tramited sitmulous alogne several ptahs toa psotynapt clel






arpal after distahce cyukt input so the smae put geos through many aprpal paths to reach the same postyantopci cells.






four majro brai nreigons thereis the cerebum that has two hemsipheres five lobe per himspere 0 the cerbym has two hermiperhs


fibe lobers peri himerpwhr



four majro reiogn the cerbum has two hemicpehrs fiv eloebs two huemrispehr efiv elobes wto heurmispehre gi velobe two hemrisphe fivbe lobes



the cerbeum has two huermispher fibe lobes two huermispehr five lobes two hermispheres five lobes two ehmispher fibe lobes two hermispehr the cerbreoum ahs the whole brain is called hte cerberum ithas two himeiphers tfive lobes per hiermispehre



diencephalon

diencephalon

diencephalon

diencephalon

deincephalon

diencephalon

diencephalon

brain stea and cerebloik,

wto hermispehre fibe lobes that is the ceebrum


the cerbelloum at ebrian stme



ad dienchpahol

hte outsid ehte gryi is the die san duslci is the dperssion between ridges fisue . diencephalon diencephalon diencephalon cerebutm brain csmte cerbell um diencephal diebcepahl


the outter suface is ofldied ther eis the gryi is that is ridges and sugli si shte repsie



sulci is the depreesion gruis is the edidges.


four major brain reiogn theere i sthe cerbeum that is two hemisphere fibe lobes per herkmicper the brain stel celrebum and diencephala dien cepahal the diencephalon tuhe ceur


CDBC


CDBC

cerbel celrbel dienchpah and rabint stme


The is te gry is that is ridge an dhte uscli that is the depression ebtween rigdes fissues dddep


the gri is the otiusd ena dht euslci is the


sul deep ridges

the gri is the ridge and the sulci si the rides

there i shte cerbeum. dienphaol brian stem verbellum the ir is the irge and the sulic is the ridge

the brain stme cemrbeul dienpahal the c


cerbeum

cebrel ullm

cerenu, i sjte howl pa ceht evcberleum bria stmethe dieep te sbrei


the gri is the rideg na dhte sulci soi teh ridges isnis teh ther eis the anteirial rostrla dn posteor



four major regions the diencpahrl


rostal the caudal


rotral the caudal is the back the rosatral is the fornt and hte cuala di

is the bCK




the grysiu snt eul cbriao the cel beruem

caudl is te back and rostral is teh postieorn




diencephalon is the middle diencephalon is the middle



diencehpahol is the miuddl ehte idenfa pis iteh miccle


the mmaibl bodie si the diencephalon the diencepholon is the middl ethe dienchyepan is the middle



neurlation formaiton of nervous tissue begins in 3rd week of emrbyoinic development;



devleopemt of brain division nerualtion formation of the nervous stiiseu the nerualtion is the fromationf othe vneruosu stit nerualtion si thr ofmeiraont of the nerovus titi serlations i teh formationt it o


neriualtion is the formation of nervous tiise the nerualtions it hr fomeaiton of nervous tiise it becine in teh thrid week of emrbuoinic dkevoep nerualtion si thr omfaiotn of nervous tissue nerulations it eh fromation of nerovus tiise nerualtion is



neruaktiuos iteh formation fo nerovus siti i tbegines int eh trhid week fo erymbyonic dleovpe - part of hte emrbuos ecoderm layer is the thick neural plate.


so the ecotidmer is the nerual plate the part of the emcbruyo dcotdmr laye ri the thichn merual plate the notochord beng it is going to induce the nerual plat fto form


into the CNS

tso the nrual plate is woign to devleop a neural groove the clel is going prolifer long laterla place and beocme nerual folditps o fhte ofld sneicoem sneural crest cells the nrual groo deeps as fodls irse and paprach one another.


notochrod


nototchord is going to induce the neural plate formign the nerual tube

the botochord beena ti is doing to inde the nrual plat eformign the nrual tube



cerbum

celerbum

brain stem

and the dianephal


diencephalon


gri is the ridkge and uslci si the inwards rides



at the rhid week the exotodmer is oging to from the nerual plate and the notochord is going to induce the nraul plate to form the nraiul tube the notochord beant s induce shte nrual palte of oform the rnural tube


the 3rd dwkek of emrbuoiicni devleop apr tothe eoctdmer is the neural plat he notochor di soigng tot induce the nraul groove

the nrual plate is oigng to beovme the pt form the nruwal roor .

the cell rpodlaiters



so teh ectoderm is going to beocmt he plate - the groove because the notochord is going to intaite and then tups of the folds beocme the nrual vrest



so it goes 3rd week ecotderm - the plate, the notochord is going ot inait invatination, so the nerual groove forms and the thenrual cres is the tup fo the gro and itn it is going to makethe tube and the nerual cres beocme cells of rhte PNS

the nreul



the nerual cre cells seperate from erual fold the nerul ccres sepra trofm the fold

bu the end of 3rd week folds meet and form nerual tube


end of hte thrid week the fodls meet and form the neural tuube surroudn nerual cnala fusion ebigns in the mussl en


by the end of the 3rd week the folds meet and form nerual tube surround nueral canal , by the end of the 3rd week the folds meet and form nerual tube surroudn nerual canal , fusion ebgins itne hmdidle andhten progesses ueprolyand infeiorul oepngin at cnrian and caudl end so the tp e



the ecto demr the nerual plate hte notochord the nerual cor teh nerual crec ell the nerual tube the neural canal. ‘


by the end of the 3rd week fodls meet and form nerual tube surroudn nerual canna.



by the end of hte 3rd week the folds mee tand ofrm nerual tube surroudnign enrual canal fusion ebgins int he middl ena dthen preofessies surppreoos and infeiont oepns in



fro a short time the eural tubei s open at the both ends . thsi s icrinail neuropro and caudal nerupore the nerual tube is open at both ends the crian and and caudal neurpore the crnainal neruproe and cuald neurpore if opending s to neot clso eneural tube detec tlike Spina bidifa happen.



so the nerual tube, ie open athe both ends for a tiny bit of tiem


at the cranil nerupore and the caudual nerupore, if the opendisn do not clsoe , the nerual tube dects like spin bifia and anecephally .



if opendisn do not clso eneural rub te defects lie nacephally or spina bidif aiwll occur, if opendisn god not clos eneural ubte fdects liek ancedphally or spina bidif a


bifida bifid a


if the oepndin ot he nreuial tuueb tod not clos ehten there will be depends in ancpehhao or psind bdifi


theis sis leading the seirous delvoep demofrion in brain spi9nal cord emngige

\


so if the nerual tubes do not close it is going to lead the neruphnore caudal and crian to not clsoe and lead ti spina bifide and spinal braina nd megies deforaitones this is



the risk loweerd by taking vitamin B. and folate. the risk is lowered by taking citmain b and foalte during pregnatny with viatmin B21 and folate it is going to loe rht risk


SSRI and



ancepahlly is



if the nerual dueves do not close it is going to lea dto deforitn but if u take folate and b12

folate and b12 it is going ot reudc ethe risk


anacephally is the absenely of a brai the infant dies afte rbrith

ancnephally is the axnely of brainn


anacephy is the abencse of brian


sp

spina bidie is the failt to clsoe the caudl prtion of the nerual tube.


spina bidif is falue reto claose hte caudlo prtioan o fthe neural tueb


soind bidid cytfisoc is almsot no formaiton of the crbal arche the large cyst in back

  • ]

b ivmta



goalte and bq12



ancpehly is hte lakc of berian ananclephhy is the lack of rbrian that is anacephally


psina bidn is the failt to falcoe prtoiton ofneural tube


the spina bifida fialture to close caudla protiton ofnerual tube


spind cysti almsot no fromationf o vertebral arch ; large cyst in back



spind bidfi cysti si slamos tno fromation of verterbal arge and theer is a large cswt int eh back and often causes parlysis




spindi bdi cyst is the onet aht is going to fuck iwth tberatbl arhc and it icreates a large cyst int eh bakc anacpehally si goign to b e absenc eo fhte brain anacepahlly is the absen oc eorbrain





the priamrby brain veiscl eofrm by the late 4th week from crnail nerual tube. the priamry brain viesciel sform by late 4th week from crnaial neural tube.



pirmary brein veislc rofm tby the lat e4th wekekm the rbain b rain veiscl .


priarmby brain veiscles form by late 4th week from crianial neural tube


fore brain midne g



the prosecephal the mesncfehypahl reomrecpe


diencepahlon





the priamrhy veislc form


the forebreianm mdie and the indbrein ghte


p



priarmby brai veiscl rfrom by late 4th week from crianial neuroal tube the fore breain is the preosencahp an the

PMR

PMR
he pramrh PMR
PMR

t


forebing mid hin

P M R

prosencpehal

Mesencpeh

Rhombeoce

PMR



the


the priarm brain veiscl rofm bt hte late frouth week from brain nerual ub the forbeiarn the is prehcpe


PMR
PRM


the priarmby beivcn

the forbeig id rind



the seocndary fromes bu the 5th week

the late foruth week we go to the PMR

the Prosememsn and rhomcepahl

forbeemidn hincdian

the brain

s


The firth week we got the seocndyar brain sivel s


telecpeh diencpahal emspehlm vboesm the bidm mete



the priamby brain veislc eform tbyt eh 4thn weke from crian neural tube


the rorebreain preosenphol ehte mind rbaing memse



the forebeirn is the prodems mesefpehoal the rhoms el


the seoncdyear brain svicel from by thr t]




telecepahl beocme scerebum telel cpehsl


think a telephone is the size of a brain so telecelephon\



metencepaholeis pons and cerebul



metenceleph


METEN

METEN


prochepn the mesbey



prosneo


meten cepahole



telenceyl is the cerbeum


telecepehom is the crebumj


dienvephn si thatlmu tito


DIencpe \


myelcehpam is themedudl




telecpehis i the cebrian


the seoncdya bveisl i shte ltephcien iepm emsenphael themeshne pmtyel MES MET MY


MES MET MY



tbssjat the fourth week and the fithweek.




trtiheen weeks to ‘


fodls allw orbain to fin withinc riani acityt.



the gray ,atter and white ,atter disturbiton the rbainand psinal crd are ocmpsoed of gray and white matter. the braina nd psinal cord are ocmpaose do gray n awhite titisue the rbain and psial cord are compseod of gray and whtie tiisue. the rbaina nd psinal cord asw e



brain and psinal cord ar eocmpsoed o gray and qhiwt ittise

grtana dwahtiei tiitsy e


the gray mayeyr made of rneurl cell bodies , dendrite sna meyate axons.



the tray matter made ofo nerual cell bodies, dendrite and. umyealted aoxns the



the gray and white matter in the brain and in teh spinal cord

the vr


the gray mater is mad eup fo neruon cell bodie sndiet en aumeuytualt eaxons .


the brai and psinal cord are ocmpsoed of rgay and whtie tiisue the gray matter is made of neruon cell bodie sdneidte and umealted axons.


gray matter amd eof neron cell bodies, dendrite sna dunjmyatkeiend aoxns. gray matter


gray matter is mad eup of neruon cel l bdoies, dendrite and unmyatelx axon. ]



gray matet ier smade of nerual cell bodies, dendrites and umylated axons,


gray matter mad eo fneuron cell bdoies dendrite and umayteld axons teh gray matte

rits gray cuz it has nothing

myerling is white

so its gtray so it has the neruosn ofc, denritc, and unated aoxns


th its i gray ciz it has no myeralitno it has not color ofc

it has nothign dendrit eneuroc ell boud nad uyateld


t


the cortex i sueprigal later of gray matter.


the cortex is going to have the. gray matter the cerbal cortex is going ot have the crea matte rand the cerbal ncuelis


the cortxe is the outsid elater and that is gray the crebal cortex is the outside layer and that i gray




thegray matter is mad eof nerionc ellbodie sdendite and mumeyaro exaon the corxe xi itehoause th tocur is hte outsid elateyr the corite xithe outsid elahyer the ocrtex is the sueprifal layer of rh



cort4exis the supeiftal layer of gray matter

cortex is tfhe uspecial layer of gray matter

the xotrie ix sithe uspe rifal layer o fgtray matte

rthe xoti eix hteuspeifla laue ro fhr gramtter is the



the outi is hte



the court is the outsid eht coirt is the out it hencuelsu ti her 9eoint aht are



the ncueli ar eregions of rtyre



the coetie xa is the uspeifal layer o ht rya matte rhte ncuelsi ar eriogn os gray metter either clsom eot surfacv eor deepw wothon the rbain the cneusl are giong od gray meatter eithe clso eot eh surpnas or withitn the dep


t

SO grayu mater the crroex na dhte ncuelsi teh vori4 exand hte ncuelsi the cortex adn teh nuclei sthe xoi is ht vorthe grame tie iior and cneusi white matter is mautel xonfiao budnle sint rats. the orupsol cclsouem and iteral capsusl


the gray matte rithe oxi and ntucleu the whti ematte ris hte bucels itnhn itrauwit hatuela aoxn stueh cor x and the uelsu tfhe wthie amtte invioels the meytalo tracft with coruspoa scoslum ainte iral fcul




so the gray matter is slow aci zi tmueno nt it is the dieicos makign area nd the whtie mattter is copsied o myatle aixon and it relayes nerve isngal toa nd from the grey amtter so itis a little bti faster.



the genral grey atte rin brain and spianl cord osnisot o prieamrly of dnedriet en aclel bodie tha tseve as processgindiecios akgi area whearase white amtte ir scompsoed o fmyalte axons that rely nerve isngal to an form the grey amtter







whereae whtie matte ri socmpsoed of mualteinz xaxons ahta trely enve singal to anfr omf hte grey amtter





thegrey matter i braina nd psinal cord ocnsit rpirly of dendrite an dcbodie sht at serve a sprocieisg /dieciosnkaig area s whereaew hwit matteris cpmspeod. mfalte axon that relay eme singal to anfr omt he grey amtter.



gray matte ir sogig ot be ten cotrea nd the ncuelia nd the whtie matte ris oigng ot be the insid eht eocirpl caloausm and itner apcula capusl


the gray matte ris tht ehinking/deicion makign ahte whit ematter is going to be mehyraled os tei relaie singl to and from the grey amtter




brain is porected by the bone of the skell hte BBB CSF MENINGES and teh skull


skull, the csrf , the BB,

the cerbarl spinal fludi

the BBB controls what hapepsn from rblodo to brainthe minenges.


the menineges is the three lahyhers o the rain.



THE preiciotn and uspprot fht ebrain teh skull the meninges the BBB that controsl what passed ofmr blood ot brain and the CSF t al quid cusion.



the crnaial meningens is the three contiv etitisu elaye rofrm the deep to superifal


the rei shte pia mater arancoid and the durma matter




there is the cirnfain menginges the three ocnectig etissue laters form teh deep to suerparal the pia meta rancoid amtter and the dural mate ris serpate andsupprot soft titisue ofht abrian enclsoe and procted bloodv essels suppyl the rbain.



there ocneicit tisus elayer form the depe to the spiral reithe pia ahcanroi and duro matte

r


Pia amter


Pia matter is the depends aronaoid matt eand hte durma mater

it suepr athe andupe tt sofit isiseu fo the rabin

and engluses and proche sbloo veslse suplyint he rbaina nd chelsp citnainc irualte cerbors




crfan ial menr eing there ar ethrere pi arahcnoi and dura


pia aranoid and dura

pia ahranois and dur



PIa arhanois and dura mater s

the mengies the vrian meignsi is goign to seprat ethe sot ttis ean enluse and proect blo dvessle suppyignt je rnain and ocninat curlat ecerebrpisnal fluids


the pa atahcnoid and dur

PAD


PADS


Pia arnosi and the dur


the pIa the aracnoid nad the dura matte

rhte pia amtera arahcnoid and dura matter

the pia arahnoid and dur amater

the pia aranoid and dura matter

pia maratter aranoic dura matter

hte serpapt esnad usport sof ttiisue ofrain enclsoe n proa cfe



helsp cntain anc dicuralt ecberois ppflido


the pia rahoic and dur amtter



PAD


pai arnaoid and dura

matter

the




the pia matter is the inner mosf othe megning and adhest ehe rbain surface it is a thing layer of arolar connecit tiisue

the pia matte ir sht deepds and the inmost o fhte meingies it is going to adher to rbain fua it i a thing laye ro fuarl conneci tiisye

the pia matte ir shte inner mos


the pia maters is the innermos to fht emeing adhere to brain sufac eit i soigng o t abthin layer of aroalr conencit tissue

the pai amtre si th oging oahder ot brain surfc ai ti a hting layer o farolar connecti ttuisue

the pai matte irsht inner mos to the nemgni aid i s athin layer oaroal conenct tiisue. pi mmater is hte inner most o fhte meing ahders to brain surfac ie ti a thin layer oa roalr conenctive tiisue


pi is the thin layer o faroalr ocnenctive tiisue the oua mate is hte thin layer of oarl ar ocnencit ve tiisue

arnaois is lie seteo and dpep o it a web ov aolalt ena dle etne


the archnod is the expien


ti s aweb of colela gen estaifiber

the arnodis tabelc a


pia is the inner msot of the mwin and it ishte thing layre oaoalr conencit arbaoid si a wab lie of oclalg eand elstib fieba


atha rnaodu tubal exte to pia matrer hteoutha cnoid adwhich toanitn spairn lfudis subtaur lsi


the dura mater is the otuh outla yer of deins iereyclt conenci titisue \


tua rnoids mater liesk extenral to the pia matter and deo tot eh dr it is web of colalg ena dnels ti


the arnoid strabeucla e


tracuel txtedn to the pia mater through subranoid psac e


arancoid trabcuel exted to pia mater



arnaoic id the mater that lies externa ot pia mater anddepe to dura mater it is a web of colel gan esltic ifber arnaoic trabcual exted to pia mater through the subranoids pace which toanitan s



pia tha rnoid trabcuel subarchoid spa

cear


arachnoid trabcuel

subarnocid spac e



teh arndois the arnaoi dcuslat tend to pia mater trhough the subutnoi contain cerbosil floerul subtul spa cie shte ptial that that can have blod i a vein rubtuoer s

thea rnodsi trual has cceirbosial






pai is hte aorla conenceit tiis ethe arndois is going ot hea traveul whci si going to have cerbo spinal fludis and sudural space is ap toienatl spac ehtat cna fill with blood a if a vessel ruptures

dura mater is the tough outer membrand



dur mater is th rogh outermembran made of dense riegualr connecti tiise in 2 layer the mengail layer and peiros layer that form the rpisum on interal surface of canrial bones.



diur ate is th rough outermmebra mad eof dnes irregualt ocnnect tiiseu in 2 layers the megnail layer and peristeal layers



arnoic laies extendal to pia mater and dep to dura mater si


arnaoic trabcuel extedn ot pia mat to through sbruospac ehwithy contain cebrpsial fluid subtaipa si ti



the traucl is going to exte through st



dur amater isthe tough outememrba dme o fo dne se ireguatl ocnenctive tiisue in 2 layers.


the mengial layer and periosetalyer

that form teh eprieusm on interla surface of crianil bones.


the dur amater is htrtough oute menrabd emad eo fdense irereugalt ocnnective titis ein 2 layer the megnail layer and perisoteal layer

-



the durm amter is thr ogiht outememrba mdae of dense iregualt conentive tiseue in 2 layer the emaingel

the menieal layer and the rpeusl layer tat from sht eprodum on interla srcace o feainl bones,


dura mater is throuthg outermemarb made of dense rireugal conenctive ttise in 2 layer the emaignel layer and speital


the dura mate ris thr tough outememrab of the dens ireguatl ocnenctive ttise in 2 layer the meangieal laeyr and the perosl layer that ofrm the perusm on intealr srca eo frbain



arnaoic s



urme ateori hwo two layer the meianl laeyr and thepreial





the two layer of hte dura i stoign to hte megniut layer and the perisum layer



tis t


this is densi reucal tocnencti tiis e


that form athe presm on the inetarl suce of crnainl cianr


ther episl layer i tehspe rfial layer of the dora that ofrm the psierusm on iteral




dura mater is thr oguht outermembr


made of dense ireegualt ocnenctive tiise in 2 layer the meangieal layer




layers are usally fused in some area they seprat fo romd ural venosi sinus hat drain blood form the rbain the epiduarl apsce a ptienatl space dura and skull conatins arteries and veins.

the peidal spac ea poitienal space between dura and skull contain arties and viens.


the perisoual layer is the layer that is usperical to tehemgnies that is below the crianil bone the skull



the cirna duarl septa the seets of dura mater that extedn in cinria l vacity they from paritons ebtween brain area dn provide supprot.




the cirnail dural septa sheets of dura mater that extend in crinail caivty they from partiosn betwen brain aread and provide support.


sheets of dura mater tha textend into cinrail cavityl they form partiions between brain and provide support


sheets of dura mater that extend


sheets of dura mater that extedn into criani l cavity they fromapartiosn between brain areas and provide


sheets of dura mater tha extend into cranil acitiy they from paritiosn ebtween brain area an dprvid esupport.



sheet of dura mater that extedn into cioar caivity


sheets of dura mater that extend into crainal caivtyl they from partiison ebtween and provide suuport




sheets of dura mater tha extend into the cnria; caivty they from parotiosn ebtween the areas ad proivd euspport



falx cerbril; largest of dural septa





flax cerbi largest of dural septal locatemdiel peckt inlognitud fissure betweenc erbal hemispher contain suprtoo sgait isnu and inferio saggital sinus.



sheets of dur amater tha extineo inc ira




flax cebri largest od dural septa lcoated on midline prkects in lognitudm fissur ebetweenc erbal hemispher contain l suprila inferieo saggitul sinus tentoriumc erebilli sperate occipat and temproal .


crainil dural septa sheets of dura mater tha extend into ciranil cavity they from partiiosn ebtween brain area and pvide support -


sheets of dura mater tha extend into crainail cavityl they form partions between brain areas and provid esupport


sheet sof dural mater the atexten infromtaio caivityl they form partiosn between rbain area and pvoide support sheets of dura mater tha exteidn into cirinail ciavityl they from artios betwee brain anx povide uspport


sehets of duram


the cirnail suda spet h sheet ost ha



whatevet

the cirnail dural septa

cural dural




teh crianil dural sept a



the seets of of dural mater tha extend in cranil caivtyl they from partiiosn bet3ween rai and pvid e


sheets o d dura mater tha extend into cirnail caivty


sheets of dura mater that extend into cirangivl.



the cairn dual sept is the sheets of the duram maters that extend into the cairnil aviti yte cirnail dural sept the cirnail dural sept athe cruail dural sept the cirnail dural septha the cirnaildural osepta the cirnail dural etpa the cirnail dura sept a




the crianil dural spet ais the sheets tha textend for the dural to the canrial bone, teh cinrial


the sheet of dura mater theat extend into cirnail cavitiy they from partiosn ebtwen brain areas and provid esupporto




sheets of dura mater that extend into crinail caivity they from paritosn between brain areas and pvoide supprot sheets of dura mater that extend into crinail caivty they from paritosn ebtween brain areas and pvoide suuprt


the flax xerebi is hte larges of the dural lespe tlocaitned in teh l





the flax xerbei si teh lardge osf hte dural sept lcoatied ion the midleing prikect tion



the cla cerbei si the largest o fdural spet lcoated on mdileing prikec tinto logntigt fisuerf ebetween hemcis epr the clex berie i is the arlge



teh flax cerei is in the mdile ignh


cerebi si in teh mdielin ebtween the hemispehre and has teh sueproe saggital sinu and infit lsaggital isnu

\

thecraindul suyra psiet is the seet of hte udral thgo tinto the skull

so the falx xerbei is larges and it is in the midleing and pjecitnito lognier bfiisure b wetettn


teh falx xeirbei coniat hte usprot asaggitla sinu and tie infueri osaggtial supei


the falc eirbis ocntian ithe superio and ienriegf othe suprti oand sifeiroe the supeiro eand infeiotn the superoio and the ifneiotn



teh ciranil dural sept a the seets of dura mater tha exten into crinail caivit they form partions between area sna proivd euspprt the falx xerbie is teh dural sept loalteon dislein hta piejctinto lgonei gissure between cerbal hemsipehra suepri osaggital and sinua nd infeiro sgttial sunus,, the



teh shets of dura mater the axetin into cirnail acithey form partions betwen nraon arnfd aht proid vuspe the flax xerbis it eh arlgest of dural spet alocatled on mdileing prject into lgontiutn ffisue rebtween cerbal hejmispher contain surpiero sgitalal sinsitna dnifneiot saggital singus.


teh tenerium




the fal xerbei si tehlargyes and is between teh hemsiperha dn it has the sageisl and infeiorn


the suepri and infeiton saggital the suepr and infeion saggtial

the falx xebris it eh arlge


tenoreik ceireul spet ahte occirp ala dterap lobes ofmr hte cerbeula .s


the falx xebre is the largest of dural sept athe flax cerbis it eh alrges of the dural spet it is in the midleing and it is goign to songi sis fhteusper nad ienio fisngial signi a


the clax xixebris i theler alcoatied on mdieling priject into lgnieri fisiuer ebtwen reiel and contiwsn suprtio sagg nad infrio sag


the tenorium cerbelli seprapt eococural and tmepral loes fcorm ceirbeul


the tenosum cerebul seperates oocitap and tempral lobes form cerbeul and contin tranverse isnuses within its psoitro broea dna striaght singus along misagital plane, the tenroium cerbuli sepraptes occiapt and termpaol loeht etneirum is going to spera thte cocoirpa land tiemparl lobes.


the falx erbei sigoignt o sept teh heispehr and the tenrium is going to celerb the temprol and occirpaitl lo bes


from the cerebellum


it sueral tehs ococirpa and tnep form the cerbeull it has the traver sisnus witing is potiroi sn stirna singu .


the rbain ventirls cavitie iwhti n the rbain lined with ependymal cells; contain cerbespial fluid conenct with each other and with spinal cord.


raii centirl cavities iwthin the brain lined iwthe pendym clels, contain cebrosial


flax cerbis i teh larges of dural spet it i i teh mdieling and sepra the cermablhemsiers lef tan dirhg on hte midleing it has the suepr and ifneiro segiao sign the tneirum is goign to cepr the cerbeuall formthe occirp and tpeirs lone and it is going to have the travers strain sisneu .




tenroeis cerli si ogingo to sepra the ocicp and tpemrow form the cuerl and contia traverse singuse siwthig ins psoit and stirng laong mad



teh



flex cervi and tatntorium tanbroirum tentorium


flex xerbels


the fal xerelli runs mdisagtial sperates lef tan ric toanisn ccota spisn the falx



the rain centirls these are cavitie siwthin the rbainliend iwth ependymal cells contain cebrspial cluid the brain centirl are going ot be lined with ependymal cells


what are epndymal celsl tha are cells that are going tobe part of hte chorid plexus and the aer going ot be in brain and psinal cord and they are giong ot help with CSP


teh


the rbain centirls are lien with ependyl cells witni csfp conenc iteu aochot and with spianl ceo toral



tehe are foru centirl


two laerl cneitla large vagit in cerbeum sperpa by a mediual paritl calle dpiels


there are ofud vneitrls there ar etwo laterl that are vlat eha dnpe rhte by septum pellcudium



two later vnetirl s

seprap tedby a medial apritcl septum pellucidum septuuym pelludicime

two betnrisl spepta edb y the septum oellcudim


the trhir ventrils i t a narrwo psia in the mdile fo



so two lateral sboth espe rte a septum ppecudium two ventrils lateral and sper ap but a septum pellucdidme spteum pellcudium

two laterla cnetirusm serate dby spetium pepucidm

two later entirls spetium pellucidm

the this is a narros pacie in the diepta and it soigno t be conenc tby a anitnerentir formane




two lateral cenirtusl suepa tby the setptum peccum the third centrisl is attached ot thw two cnetils lateral that is called hte intervosu


interventirusl


intevnetirul formane t,, the wto laterla cntirusl the alre san dit is epr ath byt he swpetum pelclcidum and the thrid venitril is serpat

by the internvritul formane



the brain ventirls aer lined with the epdneylmal cells int eh CNS


the two latelr cneitrums the speudm peul the rhids i tintereium in t he baiscl



yhe foruth ventius is a sciel haped space bwtee



the fourth cnetirucal is a sickel shaped space bweten pons and cerbullum connec to thrd centricla by cerbal awuaduct




tjr pvirtj veto;s os a socle; sja[ed c[s abette [pns an



the fourth centils ia. sickel shapenc spa cebtween pons an dcerbull conenc to to thri sby ceral a



the fourth ventirls ia. sickel shapendc space bwteen pons and cerebellum conenct ot thrid centirle ber ceral aquduct

the fourth vetirl sia. sickel chspaece dspace btween pons and elrebul



cereal squaduct


the cerbaul auql


it opens ot hte subaracnoid space medially and alterally narrso wbefor mergin with cenal cala of spinal cord.


narrso before mergin iwth cnral canal.



the cerbal awuadeuc topent o tsuabrnoci space medially and alterally narros before mergin with ceanl cnal of spinal acor

dhte fourt ventirl si between the pons and cerebllum and it is conenc to the citrh by the cerbal aquaduct.



four vnetisl septum pelli

the interventiucl ofrmane

the cebral aaquaduc

tht ecsp is a clea colorless lquid surroudn teh CNS that cirual the cnetirl and subaranocid space

the subaranois spac

ehte other aranoic layer is going ot be the one that is going ot hodl the is fnaythig pops


the cerisl is a colorless liqud surroudn the CNS that cirulsate in Centirl and subararnoic dpscae



the cso is a cea colro spukl un te cintl and in the subarhsoinc iod laspac

e

the fucntion priteicont proivd e cushion eivnometn stbily trnaport nutrial oand waste


bouance is recdue the brain appren twaigh tby 95 %

boucanc ei tireudtde s



oboyn ac y it redues the withg o fh rebai prieciotn is ito igont o privd enucs and enviome tfisbilit envormetn abtiltuyt cu si allow fo rhte peicition


the tranport of ntuetl

the csf formaiton

fromed byt eh chroid pex in each cnetil and layer of encpeinl clel and Blood cpapiels iwthing the pia mater



the cs forme dby chorid elsis in each cntirl a layer of epdnpalc ell abd blood pcaiel blodo pams ism is filete dotruhg capiels and mfied by epeidlyc ells


the cs is a clea cooreless lquid cusroudn CNS tha cirualt ein cneitral andsubarchond space

chor okex us bea


ventric e alyer o eepndyma cells abd blood cpaiilars. a layer of ependym cells nad blood capilaires, a leyr of epdnymal cells and blood capiilieas, blood palsm is fileltered through cappialr ya ndmfoied by ependymal clels

the blodo plams is filltered trhough capilary amd mofideyd by empdne cuyells






the nerovus sytem cominaiton anc otnrol systme fucniton colelc tinforam repcoet ions ditme



the the socmit sneosyr tsm is goign to be the fiv e sens and teh viscel is oging ot be eveyrin tehsle hta tis nto the f


te mote rthe osmtai cmorotssyten is going to be thigns that are liek the muscl ehta tare cna contorl the auti si studff we cant ocntorl


neves ar eoudble of taoxn


we hgot epin peri andthe endo the epid and peri is going ot be i


conencit tisie

thic dens reiirelut and henvioa is going ot ne areaolar


it goe s


the blood vessle sar eoing ot be in the peri and the epi lauers.



cnrail vcners cet form bring and psinal from psina


there is clalsiviaton of senosry


nerve the senosr vnes are oging ot he CNS and the mtoor nerves are oigntg ot the


form the CNS to the motor

the mixed can do both a ganglions is a cluste ro fax


cell bodies int ehPSN


a neron cell bodi s


ecitbitlius it he abitlithy to rpesone ot a sitmusl which ause condition si abtiltity prptoe a

seciotn relase ex


temais


cel body is going ot incldue the mcuelsu teher ctopelrikar and thocmrphil subtuanc e


the djerie s are short ueuatled brinc off


aoxn os logn it si going to progate and coneitc


ti has the

\


ends in severl teldondrita. the colalters are called telodnredri. telodendri the end ins eval telodentis the ends in severl teldondie the tups aof elteonsi

ends in several telodendria ends i several telpodnetical


the pslits into cbrache caleld aoxn coaltlers and teh ends ins everal teldodrnite. s


the ends ins everal telodrnit teips of telodnrit are usnapt cknow



aoxn funciton to condut aciton pteianl and then

the sytoelson is compsued mcirubtiel tuebusl and itner hte intermdint are nerufulemst and tehere are nerifubils that are gong to get it the tensil stenrhet .


the nerufibisl ar eogin to give it hte tensile trhe there is neurfilemts neruso


telodnria is the ends o fhte axon s



antergroa is going ot tranprot things from the cell bodut o the axon and retrograd is going the opp way it can do it fast or slow


so fast aoxn is going to be 400mm and it sigoing to be using mcirbutel and motorproiten sand atp to pusht higsn abck and fortha ns i ti soign to reutpa txo and old amterial to rectl or put donw veiscle, rongalels, and othe rmatierl


the slwo take s .1to 3mm per day and its going ot be through teha xoplasm diffiosn downt eh aoxns. it is jsut oging ot be enzyme and thsi is going ot be jsut retrograd. e


flisotign of nerosn ther ei smutidpar;



anaconic nueorns have denrtie sbut no axons. anaconic neruonav eha denrit ebut no axons anaocni neruosna hve dnerite sbut no axons. anaxoniv neruosn hve dendrite but on axons.



fienciot slacisong senosry neriuosn are oign gto attahcto the psinal cord and theys are oging ot be


sneosyr neurosn mtoor neruosn itner moeri s are ogn to be the ones that areo gion t








noesu are oigng o tbe psudeo motor neriosn are oging ot be dmutelp and itnermiros nare oigng ot meutleipe s





sednsoryf eruosn are oging tot inpti fromat mait and sne to cna theyera eurnitpoarl


sneosry neruosn are oign to be psuu motro is oging ot mutloi paorla nd itnermeiosn are oign go tmutltipoarl.


there a resynapts eelcitrla suap invoel gap dution theya re fast the cmeial shuap sareoign go tinvoel diffiosn acros and the ceisl ane rneuoiters sacrso the syanoti cle cna dthe syatnpic delaty time it teka fro all of these evenst.




gligl cell sdo no extitye theya re jsut usprptoign of the PNS and CNS neurons and tehya re oging tomake u phalf of the wiegh fo the nroeuv susmte and tehy are the same nuermnf of enruosn tehua reogintap of msisi allwo for scaffolding.



astrocures aer oging tot eb start shapedn and theya re going to fbidn their feet ot he brain balcip na dhelp from teh BBB

brain lod obarie and tejya re oigng ot rpelcue dea dnerons pacle, allw for assog oem rmeiar; deloepmtg emeofrm sturuclea ritprot reigla tlfuod tocmptuosin



cirutl are going ot to besmalel ana dhteya re going to be liek phoct and are goig to be fo rimmuen repsone ogliodneutyes are going ot meraligon the aoxns of mtuelipe but 1m,m

enepdum is going to t


ne orm jte nc raoim avoato amd tjeu



damel ceasear




state;;ote c;e; arrapidm arpidm emri; ce;; npdoes om a gamg;opme e;ctroa;; u osmtia;te regiat;e tje eccjamge pf tiroma amd wastes





muelitnaiton - process of rwarppig aoxn meyrlaino several of mmebrna ioof gliclc ells ihg lipid contect vies it gloss whtie


in the PNS neurliemte s aroeing ot



int epns the enruleitms is going to the nerillme neruillmet neurllem is going to the PNS is neruleivm neicrul the aon and wrapits in lauyer sformign meruyulgin sheath


highlipids they ahte nerulemmcytes are



the PNS erulmocytes envil sth aonx and wrpait in the laye fromign muelign seath meltielltuy cutpalsma nd cnuelsuar eare pushed pt [erjeu formign enri;,a ajfjeoiw f


nerufiil nodes


Nrudobil nodes

tjej nerullemt \



nerulelmtuyp sma edh ere;;,a


on teh CNs he oldugie doens hta veno neuitllkme


TE PNS the aocn sits oint eh dperssio prtiotno f theenrual the PSN he neruleim


in teh PNS he aoxn sit sin the depressio prtionf otneuelme ycthe CNS umeurla edaoxns are pushed ot he puroferj and it the CNS th


the PNS teh acons ae psihed t hte botom o f


THe psn the axon sit sin th dperios prito of neurlemcye int epNS the axon sites i dperssion prtiotn of erulemcye the CNs the uenela aoxn no associtedwit oglidonecyt eh PNS teh aoxn sit in dperession prtiot of neruellmcoeuy teh CNS nuerlaoxn not asscoiated iwht olgdurioves

t



int he pns the aoxn si u the rpozime is gont so wiell and the dial is goin to waller gienire and the neurillmeme is going ot be elf tna a reguoaren tube is oging ot happaen and then it is going to reform and ivnerate back to the senosr or hte motor neruves.


the axon reigols i exmreluu linted. the ogldiocyte sefree growth initibts mocluesl the olgiodentyc secre growth inthitn molesu not gorwht facot slarge nume rof aoxn frow ht cns. and regorwht obscutred by sc are form asotru can d


teh asotur the

mcirul

ente peukl

the cmiritl are goi immuno


tje pimps ar eoing to push things again their gradient and reuigl clelual engye pump ar eoigng ot push things argian sthei gradenta dn reuiq cfeluarl chent and channels are oging ot pbe pi4er dint eh mermeba that allio it voe ddonw thei co neitoan pumps agian andchanenls are iwth their coneiton pimp are agains ahd chanenla sare ogin to be donw with thei cocnentiron pump are going ot eb mtainiagn and move sitnaint ehic oentiorna dna chanenls areoing to move odnw thei coent the lak si goinga ogn thcmei when a memrbean chanrg ehcnatge d



chanenls leak passiv ehcnael are always open for cointinosu dififion chemciall gated chanenlar enoraml lcose dhwen opem wmturosn bind the ovlatg at channela are ogint o open hwne the mermab chare hcange the v gated na channes ahv itioant and incaiton gates.



the peiumps ar eoign go tpush with ener3yg agina isitehri che the lake chaes ar ealw ospne the mceil are going otopen with the nrtoimiter bidnign the ovltage gatedchanela erar enoramlly clsoed and they willo open when the memrbaenr. charge chagnes. the v gated na channels hav actiaiotn and inciation

gates.


mofslioy hsyrf vhsnrnld ehsy st rmofslyi vshyr fhnslrl ot dhiy

mofsliyy hsyrf vhsnrld st rvs;r open in rpeosine to tesiltuls foudn in memrab of sneour nerons tha respotn the changte in tehrie vnorma t






odlaity gaetd chanels ar eogin go opne in reusp to sneosr sitmual



the entier balmsp the lea na



matin grespinteial



te erpcit semgneis going ot have chemical itnaitl and ocntio is g and trnamtieg sme its oging ot hav esca 2_ cpimsp




eleicnt enerytg is tje vmoeo fo charge dpairtl elecitr enery tgi the smovem ot fhear v aomtufo ddfienre in elecitrl charge between cureitn it sto movme tarrcor sbarier sarpere the rieis ti the opsite



PJ<


ciremt os vp;ate r oeso t



c= v/r.


curentis hte pasing of ions acrso tbarier speriating them voltayge si the change of menbre risinta acie sithe opsit emovmetb. cubnret increase iwth alrger olat e


as paplic chrion ion and reicn



voalt ecis tacro shte merbdue to euqlari diorn



ohms ohms law cuurnelkty = colatge reiogn

OHM law curent

c = v;


C = v/r


Ohm’s law =


cirrent = vpateResotamce


currente inceases wtjh arlges volatea gena smalle reisnga



votlateis the change of char geitn posstirum



volate


cjareg pairto are ions, and current i generated when ions difuse throughchahnensl



the memebrane offeren resitnac e


the mebrane offeren resisitna ce to ion flow, and this resitna chnea edue to the acions of gated channelsl resitna cedecrease hwen opne


ofjedwaoijfeioajifewajiofjeaowik\





resitna c ehcnates due to aciton of gated


ions ar eunalvy disutoeiodn ot he


ca is gete ofefafomemrbaeopt at -70



the remsit is going ot -i90 if na goe sint its and if cl






K were tp elakot it wuldbe -90


the role of na pushes three na out and ad the 2insid e




diffenr epsycilgial events


difenre pshcuaogle net soccuar the ach enruos cept


repceit semgte is s going to have the nerusom chenanle oone and this si oing go getate ep or ips s


the Intiator is oging ot be at he axon hill and the sumamtio fo teh signal si going to accumpalte


the NA is going to cause epsi and K leaving is oging ot genra tena Ipsis


itnaitol sumamt the thresholdis -5 mv


the apisal sumamto sig going ot be olocaite

a

tne tmpa is onely one


all or nothgin condiciot semg edpeoarlizonag repoalzieot deoatliso aciotn petiaol is K goe




K channels opena dn ti sigoing ot leave


and heyrpzolei btu thte bumpcs ar eoign og th



endothrial clels are goig othe hte clel that make up the capiles and htey have a thick emerbane and arwappeid by astroytes


BBB they

the capilesi cells


icnatve stat ehe N ahcnanels lco etperiaml and hten they open


thet is why


cntoiso codntio is un umetal and it soign go thapen by diffiont


slatir ois gvoing ot be mump form neurbul nod eot anotehr and its going ot be cast and its ogin ot opus the psit vetowards the myeling and yatay tat and i tsoing obe faster and uses less atp


tramsit the ap reaches the snapti cknow this cause sht eca channal /pimp otbring ca in and tha tis ogint o interat iwtht prioten that bidnt eh veislc ena it sll relalse.


gradedpotem the grpatieo insal is goingo t he a tericept is and it soigng ot be the either pstio or engiat a the dnerist ememrbane and its oging ot be caus e yc hagne of in chatege


aicot is oging ot be in neurons doncuotn


velocut of protina is going ot dpepnd on the myerling and how thick thicher is faster

neruve ifber and areonax iwth muelign seath




nerve fiebers axon and its meyfl sheath , group a ocnduciotn vecoty is 150m/s and it thyick and it soug ot be matleid and b is 1q4 nd c is the unyalt edn thin


fequicn yf o prirotn hte al



neruotmiers ar eysths by newurons





neroteiser - acethilin

biogenic maicn amino aicd neurpeot





hte bB is the dnitlthe atructes


the BB reduced in ceiral lcoaiton fo rufnaiton reaiosn liek hte chord plexs need to prcode the CSF


so the corid lexs has less CSF beuca sehty



THE CHORID PELX SIS GOIGN OT BAV E LESS CSF AND HTE HYTPAHALM TNE PEINAL GLAN NEED T SECTEREHROMEON


the Choriiod pelx need ot prouce CS hfte choir plexus need to produce CSF

the choriod pelxus need to produce the CSF

the hypohtalmus and pienal glna need to secrete hrormoens


the hypothalamus nadpienal glan need tosecret hromoens thehytpothalmaus and pienal glan dneed to secret hroemson

the hypthamaus and pienal gland need to secret rhoemson teh hyptohalmu andpienal gland need to secret hroemson


teh croid plex inend slless of hte CSF

the Hypothalmus andpienal glane need to secret hormeson

the chorid plex es needs to produce CSF the hyptohalamus and pienal gland need ot


the chorid plex sneeds to procfue CSF the chorid plexus needs to produce CSF thechrois plexus needs to produce CSF the hypothalansu and pienal langds


they hypothakasy abd oeial gad needs to ecre thromosnes

te hyptohtalmus and pienal gland needto secre thoesmont eht choird pleus needs to produce CSF\

\

The choried plexus need to prude csf the choris pelxus needs ot pduc e

s

so what isnt goin g to have to hav ehte CSF the chorid plexus cuz it sneds ot make more htena t


ad teh ipineal and htpt


HP

HP

Hormian hyptohtamu na dpienal clena the HP the hroeyte and the eianl fla the horones makign hyetpethalma tha tis oign to reprpe the piena gant o make secyte rhormeosn teh BBB and teh HP


lpol



rongail pf all compelx intelclutal funciton





again teh BBB entiehl the core ple shte hrypteh the inpeianl galnd the heptthalmsu and pienal glaond


acethulcoling biugeic amin ar eoging ot be modified . amio acids rios lsiut moeid e cateh trions indoleaine the is oging ot be hsitien amin acids - ‘

aminc oacid sinclue



nerioms acyethodlin is going ot eb difne itoen amoicn oa ciao reio teggg




claidong by eixtieo and drieon i soign go tbe ten sonet aht atirnt to eh eidnie rios goiign ot opent eh g groupel protien


cladito ie




acyetohdolsi chola t+ aceytl ai tis oging ot be reutp atke of this preoinvc ezlzueire a dntsi going ot degrac

eu caio hte aheutltrnafeaswe

and its oging ot be stoera


ITs goin to bdin to ncitonci amdusitn rpeocit


ncitonic amsucairnig crpepc

tnitito is going to epp sena mduasic is going ot h gorupel and its oigng ot be pesp or ispss


there are dur gtSsIr sotp the ruetpiet seiront and galantimei dhrbeo a


galatamine


galatamind hdrbois








nerumdialt is ogiong ot incera or decaer hte presyte ela so NO is going to affec the psot syantic na dit soigng ot refect the preustnap na defect sin teh PNS blod veslel an dmrmeyro and oencoding is going ot be small nonpoarl that inflcue smae rcpeo tand relas ebdy pos teyantp neuros ahve effeo cot an dincleu tmeor e


\\the BBB the heyrptyeha an d the pienal glan the hyepthtalma nd the pienal glan. the hyepthtalmsu and hte pienal the hypthalmaud sna dh tepienal gland theytpehtalmus and hte pienal gland



the cerebrum






the cerebum orignaon of all ocmpelx inteelcurla finiont


orignain of all compexl intelleuctal funcitons



the oirnga of all oemxpel cinteial funciot is the cerbeum it has two hemispehre on suerp askep cienteir of intelign reodanisn throug memern ovltuear conotus


the cebreums is conspeud o the cebrear hismper ehte cet two alr e


itnel emrme through deicison makign ovlutanry contorlll

cneriek has two hemispehr


the lognitudm fiisu



Longitual deep si a deep flect speria thte hiemripehre



oh the longitla fissue is a dedep flect



the longital fiisue is a deeeep cflef tpsepr it the


lgontial fiius eis a depe flec speritnt heemsierhe



at a few locaion white matter tracts tracts


rongaiz ebucnesl are calle dtract




lognitl fuss eis. adedep fleca. ta w htie whitemetter trac toncneo thte ehmeirpshe rhte ocrpusl colsum is laryges ttract provided coneciotn etbwen them


so the longital fissue 0 is a deep fissur tha i oi to serpa teh heimspher and it si going ot have te coru callosum thatis going to conenc tbetweent hem

ocnenc thebtweentem


the longital fiisue is a deep cleff sperating hemsipehra t a few locaiton wtie amtter tract oncnet the hemipher the ocrupusl callosum is the larges trac toprovid onneciotn betwene them, ther egions o f cerbeum may ehbiti mutlipel funciotn



so the lgonitl depr st the corpusl closu is gong to connec the lgonait is oging ot sper and hte ocup collsum is going to conenct them





eahc ehmcipsher inteirio iwth the oppsit eis do ehte body

lol ik that ehc hem with op side of hte body

some iehr orde rufniont exbit celerbal lateirzlaiotn they are piramly contorl by one sid e


cerebarl lateirzlaiton this is higher order bfioent that only are ovotr by one sid ehte brain like squeech if re3qncly lcoatien din the lef

t


so cebralza tlaterlaziaotn c erebal lateraiztion is ocntorled y one is doe h tebiran spee



cerbal lateiraliziotn laterializiaotn onwe isi eo te rain



cebral lateiral iziaotn is ocntorled by one is doe fh tebrin the hgiher orde r


lateiral iziaton latierlziton the cberal lzitaion is is ocnotrl bye donw i sdo het bria hte hiher o dtcebral latierliziotn the ebrla latioliziton .


cerebral lateralization, cerebral laterilizitn cerebal lateiraliziaton cevreal latierlaizaiton cerbeal laaterilziton cebreal lateiralizaotn, cebreal laterizliaiton



the cerebral lateirlization; they are priary controlled by oen sid eo fhe rbai cerbeal latierziation.



the cebreuym the cebral lateirlziaotn is oging ot invoel highe rord ern a



the ebrun latierlziot iate rhtiehg eon ois die os tpspe cont he leht


the dcbeurm lgonil ifisu is erit ehocor sis oging to be the seciont that i sogingo t e feinfowi soignonteuale irziotgn oigno gingo let ifihge rod erfinciotns



lobes of the cerebrum -




lobes five lobes ine ahchemispher e3 are named over ovelrying crnail boesm the friont pairt tmepr oflul and tineusla rlobt aht i nto


the pritanl tempral



the frontal, partiale , occiral, tempraol, and insualr lobe




teh frontaol the temparl occirpal and parietal lobe the insular lobe. te frontal the occipta temparl partial and insular lobe that is inside

teh forntoal is anetierl is psoiteo border is deep



the cnetl acental suclur precental gysus contorl


the frontal lobe antiero part of cerbeum

the frontal lobe antiero part of bere


the rontal lob anteiro part of cerebrum the fonrtal lobethe antieor pat o fht ereum



postieor pdor is te


the poiteo dbordi. s deep cnetrl cusl and precntlr gyris tha tocntorls ovltuant mtoement


the centraul sulcus and precentral gurys tha tis going to sepeta


the psotieor broder is the central suclus and precentral gurs cntorls cuvnatl movment


it contorls the ovltunary mvometn it conroslthe ovlutary movmetn it contorl hte ovluntary movmetn it ocntorl shte ovltuanry omvmeth is tornoclt eht eovoeitna



the centrla suclsu precentral gyrus ocnotrl voltuanry mvoentn



centrual suclus and precntural gyrs contorls ovltuanry movmetn


laterl suclus sperat si


the central suclsu

precnetrl gyrus

the laterl suclus is goign to spera the inferior forntal lobe form teporal lobe.



the prongal centlr cuslu precnetu gurys


the latelr sucl ssper athe infiron pronfrl aloe tmfor tempral



is uepr ehte forntal lobe form the tmepral lobe

the forntal lobe as verios fucniotn motor coneiton





the frontal lob aniero par to fhe


the centrla sulcus precetral gyrs the latelr uslc spera pteh inreiorne fronatl lobe from teh temrpa


the latelrausclus sperate infeiro fornt lobe from tempraol lobe forntal lobe has varied ufnciotn mtoro ontorl conetiral vebral comuntioa decisio agn plannign perosnality




fornal lob


central sulcus precentral gyru


centrla sulcus pr3ecentral gyrus

centrl suclus rpecnetul laterla usclus



parial lobs is the suport postieor paor t fhte



antier pbori si



the psoiteo bora dis cneutr sucla nd prenceytl


the antieor porde fo rh paitl al owsi s the central sulcus



post centraul gurs



psotios prid is paritucal oocitpa suclus


lateirl bord is the later lsuclsu




for the pairtla lobe th eforn is hs cnetr fyt the central suclus


precentral gyr and teh centr suclus and the poder begi is the paritooccirp sulcus and the laterl bordis hte laterl ausluf c

this si for general sneosyr funciot liekshake and eexture .


othign weird


tnoghitn weigh the centlra lcousl potre cnty sot btue the later


tpairtla lobe is ofr euvalt hsap en textur eo foejc general senrouyrfiron




the temrpal lobs is located ifnrio tto the latelr sucl of rheaign smellgi


cotul si foe visl is it psiort part o fhte cerbym



insulis l





the tempral lobe is going to be infioer to the laterl suclus the ocoitl is goign to be the bacl adn itsi goignot. hav eht psot occiptal suclus tha tserpa tes it


the ther eis the isniul that id deep o tht elaterl sulcus


the tmepral is for hearing smelgi ocitp is for seeign


temrpal is or hearing ns dmels it


aprtial is for tecut rehspa e

tmepral is for smlling and hearintg\


ears are attahc eot he nsoe so hearing ans mellign the ocisl fo rhte icls hte pairt is for genela senosry the tmepral if or ogheaing smellain ocutl is for ee sna dit isnul is for tast th is isnid ehte latelr suluc s



the temporal lcoated ifnro tot



teh isnsulo isinsid eht elaterl an dit is for tasting and memroeys


the insial isisndi ehe latelr and it bcan ebobserve dby pullign awya tempral lobe




the gornal loeis going o tbe sper cnet lrpe vt ehte lat elr is the patirla is gong ot post ngie tite cet sclus and pocit ad alter taht serp the temrpal and the tempral si goig o be ifnoirt the laterla suclus and its i going


insula is oging ot be for taste insula is going ot be for tast insula is going ot be for tast insula is oging to be for taste



funtioanl areas of the cerbrum


ufnciotnal areas of hte cerbum -


motor area h


the partial is for snesor lei shape

ant ocirla is for hearing and smellin

the insulis fo rtast isid the altelr usclus



the fucito areas of the cerbum

the motor area o


motor are is housign within the fornal lobes the


the priamry motor cotex is in hte precntrla pyrs





the moto rareas housed iwth fornal lobes primary motor cotrex located in preentral grysu contorls skeltal muscl eacity on oppsit die so t he body the prmry moro cortax is loced in the precnrtral vyr is contorl the control skelatmso con the posut id eo the boud


hte priamry imtoro ocnotrl is gonthe prenet rgys i sn i conotrl hte possu site od the msucle acitity


the ocntorlled body reigon ma ois the motor homuncule is iditroed propt of hte body relc bakc ont he amoutn of fotr


the hamds are lar ben bc htey nened preicosn mvoetne


the piramro moro tcote xi sgon prepcneutr grysu and tha tocnotrl the opp sid oe


the mtoro speech are the vroca are is loate din inferolaterl poriotr of left fonrtoal lobe.


rmar moto cotec


the ocntorlle dody reign kmpa es a smot othruaomos the priamr moro to xie is at hte prencyt guris


the ocntrolbroieo



the moro speech is valle dhte brocs is ilocate din iferlatiofo the prinal lobs inmost peopel it ocntormvoem of



LEF iner LEFT part


he motor speech the broc ais in teh left side the brock is int he left spid ehte broc ais in the left sid eht emor pspec is in the left sisz


efront eye fiel di s


oing ot conenct between the hemisphers.

gram mayye the corpul cusl is g



tahe anodi the pdual the periosteal hdt emengisa layers.

oing to be the midla it si going ot icldue the saggituranve rstrian and the rewnwitel norhc


l superi and infeirofn and then the rentiuc cuerbelliujm si going ot infldue the


crfnaial dual sept is the falc xerbei si g


tu si going occiptial sinsu




falc cerbeili occitpial sinus falx cerebi is oging ot have the ocira


falx cerebelli occitpial sinus


falx cerebelli occitpail sinus the falx cerebellis the occiptail finsi



the falx cerbeellis the ociptial sinus the falx cerbeelli the occiripal sinus the falx xerbel is the occitla singus

the falx xerbel is the occital singu the occital sinug

\

the fakx cerbeleii the ocital cinis diaphram seale is the smalels of dural spet ofrm sorrf over sell turicia pshenodi sbeon the dfla ixber rins


midal i ocoitl sinsu the diatppis the durla spe


brain



central canal of psinal cordcent


central canal of psinal cord


the centrla canalis going to allo to conenc to the spinal cord.



the cetla spinal is going to be used for


bouancy proceiton prodices. aliquid cushion



the CSF fomriaotn by the choi dpcflex hte capiel i soign ghte adjustio the blod ocal the cns fi soign ot have more na more cl



the CSrf is cointinslu formed an dresasbored excess CSF flwos into arnoid vili and drains into dural venosus insus and arnaoic grnaualiaon

the acnodi vili soand hte ancoianiod granualtions i goign to be a colelciotnof these vili the eexcessitnv ecsd will go itno the aranoich vili ad hte arnaoci granutaliso is going ot be a clump of these






the BB regualt es the sbtuant inc the isntial i t helsp proide nutrine and reid of watsh from enteri ign the brian excpet ceritan drugs like the aoco..


there is endohtail clel shtat are going tto be having astorcyte feet wrap and the choir dclex is oging ot be free of hte cs aong iwth the hytpthal and pienal glan



the hytpthala mjus and the pienal flans the hypthalamus and the pineal glan dhtehyt



the htypthalamus aned the pineal gland hte hytpehaland and hte npainsal nd the chorid plexsi si goig ot be free ofhte csf





the cerbeum si goign to be the rais eo fall fucniotn



five



lobes



the it s



cerbealhemisphere the longitalfiishe is what dper the whem tie ocprausl is going to



the lpgnoidil sisiht ehc oru;a chte clerbe altierlzigon is gong o by ehrep btu only for isn ehte lexx eh the rbococ si son the lest





ceelar lacition is go fmenaign tha thgiher ord ieiongt is onlyf pr one is do eothe rbain




the girnal






the pirem romor ei slocated in the precneyt gyr

s



the precental gury is going ot be the priampr moto rcortex the priamro motor coeit is the precnet gyrs



the preuamr mot ocoeit in th erpenc etyl


ht moo is a map do voe rehtue osn



teh moro speec are is the lciatnei n inferolateirl prion of left prio bel




the motoe pseech are locate din iferelatoie oprtio of ledftofnrao lobe in mo



the sp eic in in the lef tornotn lobe ocnitrl mvometne o




fornt fiel dye eis on the suepr eofrong o fhte ofrntal gys


the prieamr emoto corti eix is locaite din the precnetua lprygr the prieamr moto cotre i



the mjoto rpseech are locate din inferloateral proti of left frotnal lobe ocntrol movmetn


the frontla eye fiel ons uperio surface of middle fornt gutsy reuglate eye movmetns needed for reaing andbincoutal vision


teh finroanl eye field on superuei suyrface oof middl efront al reuatle eye movemtns fneedifnro tiorreanding



the superie o



the forntal


the middl frioanl grus reugaltes mvoemtn for readint and bincurla vision

the sufrao coe fhe rmidld efrona grus reaktel te smovment for reaing ninurl ivison -


repmotor cortxe

kocated antier to prmotr coex. t

\


th efronal eye field is at the middl egurs


ht efornaot eye fiel don the middl feontroal grysu


the premoto cotex t



sneonsry area sht epriamr sneos ro cotie xi i the pos centrla gysu



the mnoto is a the pre and the sne sois at ht epus the mor is a the pre beca shta i aprt ite a dht eis is abt the psi tbeuca that is wha tis at the pairtal e




f


moto is pre motor is pre moto ris [pre motor is pre imotor is pre motor is pre motor is more


mtoro is pre sneos ri si post the post onf the pairtel reoceng einirtoant




area os fh tebos is sneos yr



somato senos ry are


idne tpepstieor ot spto itne girona


the priamr il visua cort is at hte pccoital lobr


the [piral visual fcotr ie xa the occital lvo ehe psira seo si sat he psot ethe m[rori mot ro s. the pre


the priamr visual coex i sath the pccita lobe



vusla ssocitea are



tje prair y vsua lc oexe ti s athe the occirla lobe



visual assocaite dareas - suuroudns priamr yvis aul cotrex. priarm yvis ual axotie integrand n itnersl ps colro form to allow s






tyw uyal iaiaxuRWS ew ARHW PIEn ieyc



INRW IEWN




rhw ISUR fpiarm aoiir i shr mrwpeL LOBWA


RWH usiro AAOXIrws EW IA LOXrw sin rhw peiwl lobw inrw N S


RHW PEIen doLR IA LOrws inr wh irnwo erhpeiE Fuaroey ai in rual





integyrate infroat from mtultip assoicateareas


the preforntoal cotex lcoated raodatl ot premot xoirex




the pairmary moto corex is locatedin in the precentra l gyris


moto speec is int he lect sit ght fornal eye field is on the middl fratnl agur

sthe premoto rxi ex i s



p



the white matter lies deep o tgray cerebalx corte


teh white cntral whit ematter lies deep to gray cerbeal cortex teh



tthe cetnral white mattr leiis deep to the grya ocmposed o fmeytalgroin gorus intpe dtrap the centrla whtie matter leis to the gap and it is ocmposed intor tracts


the association trac

tocnnect tios


connect rgions of cerbeal cotex withing sam ehemispher assation trac eoncntions reiogn of cetal within sam eheimispethe

r

thea sios tracts o

they are sosocit cuz they assit ehte sma ehimis er


aacura fibers a short tracts conencting eghbrign gri

aacurate fibers are short tract socnecing neighing gri


aacura fiber s


assaito trac conenc treigon fo cebreal octrex within sam ehenmispher


accurat eifber are short tracts honnecing neighb ri


aasoiat tra coneti rieong of hte cberal coireoc iwhtin sam eheimspehr


teha ccurafe fibers ar ehsort traacts connecign neighbring gru


the accura fiber are short groups connecing grubging gri

th accuar are going to conenct short trac tconnecing nieghbing gri


lgontial fasiculi longer tracts connecint gri in di flobes


aacurar fibers a sre shotr trac tocnnecig neighbring gri


lgorntiudin fasiculi longer trac tonenc tfri in dif loks


con


so tracts are bundle of meulaigned axons int ehw thei tamtter the assiaotn tract coennct regions of cotrex withims ame hemispehr the accurat efibers are short conencitn


accura fitger

eaccurat fiber

tract

neighbri

ac curate

short


accurate fibera re short conencingt neighrbing gri



connect reiogns o fcebral cotex within sma ehermisphere

the accurat efiber ar egong coneign


lgoniral fisa logner trac tonnce fgr in difl


acucr


lgongirduian fasicili arcuate fibers aorien accura iber saer short and tehygr i


accuara fiber s areoing ot be short tracts connecing neighrbig gri lgonritidnal fasiclu iare longer tract conencint gri in dif lobes


longritul fasciuli logner trac tonencting ri in dif lobes


accurate fibrs a erogin to be short


connect suff


koingiatbul fail are longer tract ocnenc itn gri in dif lobes


tassciated tract connection reiogn of the ceiwth sma ehimerpher




commisur trac ticmmsure ocnnec regions in differne thimsipehre like ocruposusl antierna dn paos terimwm


associted


longriyirndula fac iuli si soign go t obe logn and connec tsutff tform the sma side dif lobe


and ocmminsure tracts are oging ot conenc stuff ofmr the opp hemispher like the ocprous colmsu




associated tracts are going ot connec ofrm th ssam ehemispher ama side


ocmsiure rtac is dffer


accurat firbes aorering oto foncne gri neighbroing and lognieal fialsc i si goign to be long trac ta dn for dif lobs


the central whit e matter lies deep to gray cerberla cotrex

the associated tracts are going to be thracts that ae roging ot conenc tstu ont eh same hemier peh

assciat fibers ar eoigng o tb


what conencts stuff neigihbring gri and the lgonri faicli sogn orn tlong rtac thta fonnec tfri ton dif lobe the ocmmussir etrac is going to conenct stuf f ofro di fpempshe like the ocrpucllosim.


themn we got projection tracts - these link cerbe cotra to infere brain reigons and spinal cord

the


assicoat - smae

ocmsmute - dif

projeciton - link ecebral cortex to infiro rbain reiogn and psinal cord



the prikeciton are oging ot conex the cortex to the inri fbrian and psinal cord


the corticospainl tract carr signal from cerbal xart o to sponda cort

the pejciton tracts are going ot send singal from the infeiorn

cerbal cortex ot the infeir brain regions and pisnal cord

the coticopsinal trac tcarry soingal from cerbal cortex to spinal cord

as this projeciton tract passe sbetween thealmsu and cebrea nucleu it is calle dnthe itneral


as the ciricospinal coriticopsianl prieciotn trac tcarris esingal form the cebral cort ex ot he psin , as this pejction tract passes betewen theamua nd cerbaly nucli it scalle dtiner ecapsu


preoctions cortispinal trac is going form thalamus ot htenucli to the psinal cord and this is ght einteal capus so coirtcospinal trac tcarr

]

\


corticospinal stra carru singal from cerbal cortex to spoinl aoc ras tis projeicoi


the coirtocspianlt rc carry singal fom cebra ot opsinal as thi speic passe sbetween tahalmmsu and cberal nuclei i ti s called hte itneral capsils


hte coirtocpsinal tract is a proections trac that is oging o tpass the tamaus and nculi and go itno the psinal cord and then it is going to go down and it is oing ot be calle dte interal capsul the intrla cpaul proekct and coritpsinal trac

tproeikcjitonm cap the comsution si going ot be


associated

acurate fibers

and longitudl faisculi longritual dfial is going ot onendc stuff in dffeirn lien lgongti alfie



the oeujejc it tra are oging form4 the cor4tex ot eh sin that is inside


coritaipsnal or


itnerap acpsuls antoehrehtins is the association tract - conenciotn eriogn os cebral cotrex iwthins ame lgonritif eldis oging o ebt edi facurfa ifber sar ehte smae.


cerbearl lateirlziaotn - anaotmical asymmetries


anatomica assymetric es aeoing to be petallias proeiotn



cebral liatio when a higher eoder funciton is going ot be only on one side


antaomical aysm tetir

speak and athe weinivks lancuga

tehe antiamcial asysym4etir


petalias are prociotsn of a loe one side comapred ot hte toehre side


the righ hand ifnei hav a righ fronal fronta petallia dn lef toicp petlali the lef thand have opiste


petallias are protieons of hte lobs

right hannded ppl have right forn petal and left eback ppetallis

petalia are proectiosn

petalia is proetion prellia is preotieons of hte righ handds ed pepoe petlaiis

petallia are preoteions ritgh ahdned ppl ave proeitons thsi is asymemtris prellsia re protienos die to one sid eomcpa redo to the oather an dhteya re asysuemtrieis.


pet;lias are petlias

petalias

petalias


petalisas

petalis

cerbal clateirziong two sdeis of cebreune xhtie differ eint higher other


categeroical hemsi perh usuallyt ehl e i for alonga analys contain th ewinr and motoer speec anits i for reaingi taks


the left is for careitiong analys antlaya dn reaing science na dmath


cateforia is the


cateforial hemrispher the left

the rpeisnatl hemispher is the right

conencet wieth visual raltion maigion coapre of senses


the ac


the catefrouaphl ehrmsie ri shte speaclied left brain hermisphere

the left is the categroial it is for speak and atefriaizng and laysis reanign scien and math



the repseitnaiol hemispher is the reight conencted iwth visupatial reaigaltion iamgion ocmpareions of ense .

th sigh soudn smell taste


the reprenstioeanl hemispher is the righ it si assciaoted iwth visual spail creativit itnaiton \


the left is veral logail and se3uqeioat proeces meat and lgoail cal reasongin

the righ is for mroe intaiton, emtoin, creagiigt iamtion, the righ is cor eiaton that is repnwsital an dhte pther is categorialca


latielziaot devisp ie ealry chidlre

aeril differ


the womens pstieor calkmpus

is thicker more conneciont and male suffer lsso f when


lateirlaio is crealted iwth hind

the righ hands the lef ti smore caitela and speehc and in elft they ahve either hemsipher


the right hands their islef ti scare speehc fdiamind

domwen avhe theirc corpausl ssomu fonnciton


the cerbal oncuelis i gram tatere deep in cerebum


the cerbealnuaf leigray


the cerbal ncuel is gray matter deep in cerebum

the cerbal nueli gray matter deep in cerbeum

cereayl nucwel. s



hec erbaul i grya matter deep inc ebruel helsp reatgulat moto output disease of nculeis aasscoiate dihwt invult er mvoem the cerbal nucli s gerya mettdde pon crebum

the grap mayyer deep in cerebym helsp reugalt moto output the gray matter deep in cerbuem the gray matter deep in cerbeum

the gray matter deep in cebruml helps reugalt moto output disease of tehs enucleu asscoiate diwih invultary ovmetns


cerbaul is rgrya matt deep reualts moto outpit disease ofte snufli easoisca tcuad ncuelus




the linbci sustem compaosed o fmutlile cerbal and idecahult cste


the imcbc is ismt is the emtioanl brain compsoed of mutelup cebral and idcehapthic strucuter and epxiemet emtoin

the limcig sismt is the metioanl brain the elicmcibic systme i s the metiaon rain cpmsped o fmttul ceralb and dienpahl ilchte

the limcp cysst is. the emtoinal bcorna ocposed o tmfeutl ceral ad ephail strucutr


the limcic systme ocmcpoenst there i shte


cinguatle grsi the parahipcampus ipca am



CPHAO F R


COME PET HER AGRESSIVE ORANGE FUCKING RAT

come pet her afreiv eorang fucking rang


comp et her agresi orng ifuclt


the icntual gyrso


cingualt eparahipica cjipa amd oclf afoni


COMigila pet parhip er hcp agrei orang face


OC PETH EHR AOF


ccingualr i parahipica


hariap ofla fonix


cigualt yr the parheip hi



Cigualtual tparahipcial hipci amgudloidbod oflacut foneix


the licmi is the meotina bario ompar of diecpaitl sturucter athat lincis is the eeitonai the oit


Cingula gyrs

cingu CPHAOF



CHERa

cinguatl girus is in the sagutla pla abov eht coprus calausk the parhipcal is coritl tiisue interjmpa love the hipo campsi sepr to the


the



cingualte gryus is above the corpalus scolsn


the parahipcial is in the tempreoal the icngual isabvo the coursp aslcu thea pria l thipi

the aprhiapial and then on. thep os hte ucjpa in the mtparl alovone


the hipocampsl is in the temparl lobe the hipocampus is abov ehte parahipcio m

in the temoral lober and i si is for logn temr merom and neruigrnei shte hippocmaus is for logn term memrosi Hoppocs have grfeat memrosy




limic system emieton the icngual girus is above the corupsuls the parhipcal is hbelo wht hipo inthe tmeparl the isp i in itne ht etmepral and great bofr memehr


thamis form emitona dnemtioal liek fear

te hops os for fgnoe rmet and neruso iteheirpa is fo rlgon temr memerba dneruon


tecnia is og fabov o coul hte parhisl is int emrpa and teips i isntehre


memroey amrylg is of remioan mero and for mermionliek


that can prove emotions oflacut bulb proeces ordors thatcna provie emtions


oflacotry bulb ofactory tract and oflac tcotirex process ordore thatn cna proive


teh cingual is ins voie thet


CPHAOF

CPHAOF


the cingual gru si sabov ehte ocul

Parahupicis abov

hip i sof rmemro


amyrl fi is formeiton


ofla is for doer tha enovme oflao tbulsb odors the provie ieont and fonxi


is a thin whit rtac tconencingt hipo with other limib strucutre

Nuclis that inteconect to otehr limi s







nuclei that initer


fornix is going ot ocnenct hipocampys iwth other limcibst rucutrs

hte fomci is. a white trac tonnecitn hipcamous with other limci strucutre

fromci is a hwit rtac tonneciot hipcia with pther limib strucut

re fonix is a whitr tract onnecting hipo with other lmic strucut

eh


fonix is i ahwit eltrac toneicont


CPHAOF - fonixi s a white conencitn trac that ocnend cth hipocmsoyt ot her olimcis strucute

rhfonis

fornix is. a htie trac that oncnects other limbic structues.



the hupo to other strucutre

fornix is a white tract the cingual gyis i sat thbaov ehte courpausl


the fonix is a white


FONIX

fox


FOX is white white trc that conec the hipo to other strucutre

the fonxi si si ahwit rtac tha tconencts hip ot ther olimbic isturucts

nuclei that interconenc to other parto f limib cismt antieor tahmic s



fonx ifo axi is iwhtie that oncnec the hi pt other sturcuter memro




rdvulfcormaiton losle orngaized gray matter in brain stem the reugls formaiton is loosley orngaized gray mater in teh rbain stem

regualt ofrmaiton i


retiuclar ofmraion is losley organized gay matter of brains tem

revult ofrmaito is losely orngize dgray amtter of brains tem


the reugalt ofmraiton is loosely rognized gray matter of brain stem



reguatl comfriaotn losoey orgnaize matter of brains tme

the reuglsto fmoait is loosely orngize dgray amter o fbrain stem

the reugl formaito
RF

reuglt formait ois loosley

HP hytepha dnpeianl glan

dthe reugl formaito is the looely gray matter of rain stem

the reugl tsi white matter of the broan tehm ther ei smoto rocmpeons that regusl muscl etone through spinal cord oncneiocn asisi tin autam ifucniotn

and sneos ocmpeto resut


recutla frmoation is loosely orngized gray mater o fbrian stem the teh recutl oformaiton is loely orngize dgrya mater of brian stem the reugl omfraition is losley orngia gray mtte robrains tehte ruegl motieons loselely ofniaon frya mater of hte brain stem


my reutsl tfomraiton is loosey rongized gray matter o fobrain stem


motor compeonet reguatlo muscle tone via psinal cord conenciotn


the motor ocmpetoen of m reigl mcom my lsoely rongai zed gray maof the rbais tme


motor ocmpeone reugl msucl etone via psinal cord conenciotn assit in autnimaio fucnuton theouf


reht erulg amoremoa losley gray mater of hte brain stem


mtor ocmpeonts reuglates muscl etone via cons co


assis in autnomci sfunciotn through brian stme ocnneociot moto rocmpeto reugl st


muscl eontei ic apsinal cord conneciotn


snensory compeotne regualt actinv systen senosry ocmpetne reugal tacitivting systme ras


proces senosrim tioant sine tgtiton ot ocorext o bring about lartnerss respen to along alson e


mto rocomepeon of the reugla is gvoing ot reult the muscl eotn through spinal conencitosn assi tin autnimci funciotn

ht emoto ocmeptosn is going ot reugl stmuscl tont etrouth spinal cord ocneniot the senos r comeo tr ereusl tsysmte

RAS is ogig o rproces sneos irmiro atsend sint to cor about altenress

altnes helsp rign awya which necess for hgihest of consinosuness

altenes is about awyar ewof senses whic is need for highest at oc osuten

reugl torai ois lsoelsy gray mater

it helsp witht eh meoro tocmoent butecuas ie iwll reugalt the muscle tien through spinl al seosn is going ot hesp sn dintl aot te cortex abot slatner altneri si sbring awya to the highes taot oc fnosisnuess

teore is oging ot bring muscl etone ot the soem iva ls


osneo si rpenc and sneds sneosenms ot the cotrex abotualtenr alne is bring awanes sot hgihest st ao foncoinsiosuness. mtoeor ocmpeotn ereuagl msucl etone via psinal cord oconec

tmoto rocmpetu reuslg msucl tone vi


hgiher order mtanl fucniton lenraing mermo reaonsing

LMR


lenarin gmermo rieansing highe rord emrabl funciton are lenaign meormoa nad reaonisng

cocurs iwthin the cortex of cerbum muteliroen cbont snsioba dncubsunto


hierh eodm lenaing merme roeainsoin in the cotex and invoels both ocnsna ndisnc srocess


edlepmet of igher od rbigna the CNS process baitlies come plex with matuer


hierh ord emtnaion fucnito reaogn lenrin mgo er iwth withi ghte cotexo hte cbereum


thei sinvoes theo coex o fecer invoes muteniesl bot onscisona udbsutm hgiehr eode rmatn fucniot the CS development



process baitlie come complex owt maturieoan process abtiltiues the cns de and phe prpces sbatilit come complex with atmruaoinn

MOST CNS axon stil metylatioduri ir two year os fliek rapidl gowith is i rely cidlren and 95% ompealt a tage 5 ebueo


new coneciton whie tlerj rpeucn


so rpeocoess batilties beocme compelx with amturion teh CNS delvoepmt processign abailitesi beocme om cpel xiwth atmruaion most NCS axons itmutel durin gifr t3 y2ar most axon sitl emteyl fruing 2 brian troa is rapid inly 95% at age 5

so when im 5 95$ of my grbain gro is also tocnd

w

beyon elarhinm


prfocess is more ocmpexl more fered new ocnneciton wheit ltoehr prin some cns axon sitll unde rmgieona i dnusl


axons of psn sonta


some cns axons sitl udner matylino adils an daoxn o fht epns ocnuten to mutlation pas tpubuer o mot cons istl metyon during 2 ywar and the95% fowth at 5 and the cns is mysltion inasocla nd PNS past pusbert.



EEG we attahc to ehad ot regorf brain acitivyt usedin in sleep coma geitaitv e


EEG attached ot ehar ot recor dbrian aciityht




eleocn tacht o hea dreoc orbrina aciti lie leep coma veitia vels this is ysed to euvalt epislie suziues, msucle psamc


episly seizures

EEG are used eto stud sleep brain lesions coma, Aleep coma, cbeitao epislsy sizieosn





EEG are used to sutdy slepe rbain oclesion coma ve4sitiv. estat

used ot iela
EEG are used fo rlsep eenad eizlise na duzuiens

acitivy occurs iwht dif freqauences deingte dby gral lets alpha beta dela nd theat




eetg are for lessp coma sizuies


aicity



greeklayyer indicait eid frequencies


greek leters indicka tedi feuqence


AB are in wakuflnes and delat a that are in slee

AB is or wakfuel ness thet and delt is for sleep



SO we use elctrondes all ove rhte head ot example slepe , ocm, gveita ,seiozn,we


ab is

lapsha beta is ofr wawkaeuness and theat dela is for sleepinesss

alph beta is for wakfuelness and del athet is for sleepiness

ab so


ab is fro wawakens and delt hteht i for sleep elecotnr are palced lal voe theehea dEEG elecontros sleep seizierws



eeg elecont slepe siozner psoesy abi s for awakness nad delta thet is ofr slepiness



sleep is naturla teprap absnes of cnisonsuensns


sleep os te natural temprp absense of ocnsionuess

sleep si thnea tural temprpri absens oe of niconsouness

sleep si teha tnuarl temprous absne sofo r cniosuenss



sleep is it laoso sgvionsu

less coirtla citi

vital brian function maingine

seel pcha



sleep stage harve dby eeg ferquienc ena deyemovme

we sleep stacges charnge by ee gequencye and eyemoem loss ocirtal aciity virnal brain stuem cucniotn aminian


sleoe lao co fnfiosus charhog e byt eheeeg wavelenght and it sigoing otbe eausre hte fe4uqenc eo fhe eeg and eue mvoemt eee vmoesm adn eeg euqe is oginto emausr ehte lsepe state


NON rem is gong ot be slow feuqnecye it tak eeup 75% of ial time , impaortm for growht res eneryg and reneual divind eup into subtantes


REM IS going ot be actin eye moves and 25%na drmeaning


the non rmesi is for growth enreyg and 75% and its is slow


rem is fast eey are jvoient grian is acitive and this is for dremaingin



slee is laskc of absionciosune less coirtial cavity less coirtial acitiy viral


rnon rem is 75% enerytg , growth repais and it si going ot be slwo feqyncey

REM rbain is active fast eye smove and it is about drmeaining.



rem the brain is aciatve ees move and its baout drmeaing the non rem is 75^ energy growht repi sn iabot uswo feuqncey


Sleep reuqimens change through lips spen infants neesd 17 o 81 and teensneed 9-10 and audts 7-8


17 to 8 teens need 9-10 and adults 8-9






lack of slepe is asoicdat eion dperiosn pror emrmeo r fimmunf eunciotns

elsl pintfiant need 17 o 17 hours tneen 8.4 to 9 and auls tsevent ot ten


lakc orf sleep is unehatlh aoisc atiwht deprison pro memr and poror umunufon


insom is dirflcia l sleep

ad slepe anea is breathing intrup during sleepign

inosm i s iflits fall ins alsspe insoemis fifiuclat falling alssoeo pr stap on

slepe pandmtia rbeahting inrin


CPAP fequenc elackai lack of lees

SLEEP aneoa insome i fifild sleep slpep anea sif idifl breathing with the CPAP


insoem is fiiflc tl slepe ro stay asleeo slldep apaena is breathing itrups tiond slepe iwtu the CPAP isnosme is difiutl slepe

isnoemia cooieks naintg meianosmeu cant slepe ug ot ehat SLeep anepa is difiutl breathing and we use a CPAPmask .


contion metnal process of awanes knwodlemt memoer preceotpi

metnal process of wawanes knwelfey meorna dan peions ocntion is the metnao ow a


emtnal procfess of awan kwnoley meroy and precitp and thingkin asscioant are aof cerbeum are peinsle


associt



etmaiton process of awakes nekwmeorme an pe


cigvniton is the metal processo fawaness lkwno fmeotieno nad thinknigo


ascoiton are of crbeum are spineile

congioant mental processo fawanes knwoeldge meormoy preiosna dn thinking emtanl process of ayweness knwoel gememory peretiepn andt hink

asscoiation area os the cebrum are repinsel


emtanl rpocess of wanes knewld emmeroy persion and thinkin

metal orocess of wankes nkwnolememor pecpeit asscoiated area os the cerbum are repisnel

studies of brain lesion hep e[xain fniral


fronat labo patieiosn i

wuth


brain lsion ot brian like lead ot eprisnal baitlitehys n palnign and desinco making



jthefirano loe elad ot perbaisl;ithatboamlite spalnaigna dn deison amking


dmanga to priamrys otmaosoeyr coirex losos fo body awayre on opp side


if u damange hte piramry somtaot sneory corix i tlead to losso fo body awaness on opp side

dmant o priamry somatosneosyc orex cases losso fbodyawyaenesson oppsitesie

damng to parimays emoatosneory coex cuases loss of b oda way re


u dmangte the osmato sneory coitthis eansu u look body away

u noed sneosy oirex in order to feel see throuhg things and if u cut that t u loso bodua wanes and opistue sigen




agnisia is the inabiltit to enxio or udner manign of sitmuli


lenitno nthe tmepral lop to



locaiotn oflesion demtiern natur o floss

lesion int mrper lpb can lead to ingilithy to recontize emangin of sounds or words


tmerpal lobal inabitlithot encion meaning


angiosi s the inabitlity ore ncitnzie or udnerst aminaigin of sitmulia agnisia


AGNOSIA

ag no se

Ag no sia

is teitneaittoe udne rmanigno ro what hthe wsitmsl is intiabitlitt oecnoi or udner amignigno f sitkis

intialtitt orenvoti ro uder amningof sitm agnosiia

ag no sia

ag no se

agnosis is the ona abtiltutht or eonvit eh emaninor of the sitlis


teorpal ealds ot inaibtiltitheudner wht meanginfo sounds or owrs




oenato;thte ronigoa uende rof seitmuli


nonre msi silgnoer remi s logner lsepe aneia




Memorty there are teps of memroy there is sensory meroey assciated

snesory meore y asciated baseon snepsyt inpitr seosyr meor asciatedbase don sueto sell


sneosry memrep asicoante iwth sneoyt iptu sneosyr. merm is ifi. i smell a cofee i know that coofe

sneosyr mermosi based on sneosury inptu if i smell my maik that my man

shtor temr limited capaicty abotusevne tbif so fmiton brid eoatn eoncds ot owouds

sneosyr memrous asscite idwht soru inptus tlimite cpait ty


envoded eform short temr i fineitaon repatea may exisi tindetly but can be lsot logn erm is enocde domfr ohort tierm


logne r emrme s iencodie rfomr hsor item hte hsort im cna belimtie cpiicyt lgobe rm can be



brain areas invoeld in mermoenocidn reuqiz the amgydael and the ipoccmosu


amudal is form itona sn theypois for memroey

the LTM i


lognt erm memre sacout in aprio


ncoding eruqies the magyal and hipocamus the amgyula rmeie inteuilibi ws used of rmeitoan meroya dntehupo s for memroeyt eh encing re3quies amgyal andhipcaompsyt eh lont temr mmemri is house pirnaly in parpriot asscioateion cotfex are mtor meroeis store din premto xotexlmemroeis of sounds stored in autio asscoiation cotex.


long etme memroi si hosued piraly in parpiot associatnio fotex area. moto meories stored in premot cotexl meoerise of sounds stoe din auditonasscoited cotiex





ltmis as


mtor omeori inteh remot cortex

sound merosi ina udtio asscioate dcorit


mtoe ir eint premot cote xna sound emro is int ehauditona sscoiated coirt e

x




lgone temr ienin inveols the amgousla nd the upio and lnti si sasoe in asciaote darea


the mrot merois is int eh premot oxiex aht esoun is in the auito assoicat exoex.



Brian reigons invoed inemtoin emotiosna re interbeyd


brain reigons involed in emtions; berin riaong oinvoled in metionmeotins are ingtepr by limbic sysmteut experssed



so emtoisn are interped by the limic sysmte b ute expression is ocnotrl bu preofnro al itrion


the rbain invoel hte meroins ar eintepr by the linci emtion a reinte ir by lijmi ssut but expession si controll b yed preofnrioa cite


emtions ar eintienrei the leibis hte meiroan arein iter byt elim bsi sna d expesiosn the by ther peifnal amuygloid and the hipcmaosu are improt fo rmermoesy and emtiosn if the damg aappens etmsoins are deaded or exagera dna lernaing is imapoerd


so te maogidu bodya dnhipcamaous si damdn teh emtoins and meorosies iwth hta is damnagte or ighetned

brain reiong isn the eitones are


emgoud b ody anbd hipcamosu airoe intr if amd ato reiao

id amgned o ritaoicl tustualt emotion are deane do roexiaotne and lenatint i simnrptoa ht amgy and hip is going ot be impaot fir menaot na dof relangin

teh amy and hip is ofrmiaotr fo rmemoraydn alenrainglenaign invoesl amy and hip enocind it ismprot for lenaign and merooe nlenaign emroe ne dmetion merjoe antioe elangine emtioan ef

aw

fe



meoe rinvoesl the hip and maydl an d so are iemtion


os if tham lenaring i sotp and so are mentioena dn


neoding ruqis amy and hio the lmt is apreioa


the Hip and the amy is for lebaign emtoe ion and metions

\


the teo rspeehc are the vbros insita speec priamr mjot oercoitrex is used to pruse speech




wenis inetpe retw lagnau mot orpsech broc area intiaton speech mtoro prontem


priarm motor xotexet




roiamroi anoe tioe spei exi soigngo isngal mto orneutoan ot proudc speehc priemar mot ocotiexi prieam tomeot r


the moterieo


moto espep ca rei shte spea dn wenicks the language inteirpa tion the piera osi s ogin to peuce


cateufl hermis wenick analzy ltierla meanign spee and the repisnal is going oemiaotn ehte maiotn ocneoc to pthe spec ison othe righ is cahs ecaus eeaprosida


the wenick are inteprets langua the meot speec are intiao espep cte prima cotiex is going ot sintal to peic spechte acite is going to itnerp and speec and the


letoial eing and teprisn sigong to alayt ehte mtioanocneio c leiosn ccan cas eaprosodia is it is ul emtioan speech


os hte catheo rfi lsign ogi itnerp the leita lemabigi tne. repisnal is going ot itnerp the metion and if its tha mdai tis oign got lead to dul speech lik


cale d aprosida


Aprosoida

aprosodia

aprosid is dull emtiona speec


arpapci x o


apracia i f speec arpos si dutl metiona speec parosiodi ai sudl emtioan spee caprpsoidoa id sul lemitoen



apraxi o fpseec mtooe rdiosrd erpsion is way of hwat htey want to sae btu they canspeak peroply



arpa


aprosi si dille psee

arpax aof speech mtoor deir periosn is way but they cant speka peroply


moto dier os speech apraxi


aphasia is difil under itn or pducitn spech ma not poduce bom


apahs is uidu iner or proise cpspenc apria spe cis mtoe ordieir lcan trspeak perial apsoro sis ill




aprosis si dull spe apria si mtoro dieir and pahs is dult i produc to roeusne rspeech


aoris sis itl apra is of se is mtoeo ridl apha si fult e


apriso i dul aprais is mtoe oaphasia is dults udne ro





aprasi is mtoe ider


so ther ei teh osmeir ht edifil the udner or spie c



dull arpisis a


aprosiods ia is su

arpaix i mtoer idieor apraxi a’

te pinal cord extens form the medul through vebral cnala. the spinal cord is going ot eten form the medul trhough vertebreal caal - te spinal cord extes from intelryf rom brain to the meudla


infeiro eends taper to form conus medudlarios


the infer ed tapers ot form ocnus medullaris


te inerie en dtapers to form consu emdullari



form the meudll to eht oencu meullai r


te inerio en tpaeirs ot omfro theocnus meudla the


so from teh medulla ot eh conus meudalris


the cnous meudlla ris the ocnsul meudl athe nusl tehdkl the cnuoe form ekdual


tupica spinal crdo f o3/4 16-18 inches hotern thant eh verbal colum



the psinal or di sneve tisi sthe ends are oignt o taper ot comtht econusmedulalr ie form teh medual toe hte conus medualris


tepica spian for is 23/ and 16 to 18 inches shortern that nt heceitbail ocmulnm


the lognitudl depresson psotieorn medn anditoerndm edil fisur ether ei sofur part s



hte logntidue depsironso


lgonti depresison ther eis hte pitoe median sulcue sn athe anierma medial fisuse

\



ptraciks swweny is for feeding ane dieotn patric feeding is ofr feeidng and emtions


xi li is for hte flies and neuron aldi vie ro flfies


neuro difnfeiotna in flrui gly brian patric swwen is for feeign oxn li sif ro nerual diveirst



jason climer investigat eow neruosn fire as eniaml


teh cliemr is for memroeis

zin is for the flies and idfeireno

paric fat is for ffeding

and climer is going



climer lab -










cliemr is is going ot be eht memroys stuff

zi is dinfeioent of the clie spatir ic fthe fat ad lcime ri shte mermoeys.



which of the follwing is ocnsiderd a necessary cellular conpeotne of a neruon



the drintite spies ar enened the ncuelsu na chte mticoidnr but not the clel wall ther is not well wal in the neruosn.


the cell wall is considered a necdsuar cuell reocnpetien of a neruon.




cponetne of a neruon -


compenote of a neruon and it si going to be teh


ncuelsu andteh orngalellsthe mcirtuondri a


enucleus cell wall dnedritic spien mcirhodrinal


neuclue clel wall dendrite cspien mcirhonria.


whichl etter is adjectent to a dendir te


whihcleters ids adjete ot a drdnite



which lett ie sajdent to a dendrite




what are some moltem htat are in /aroudn eruos there are chaed ion postive and negatiev e




the clel mermebr is made up of lipids



what allwos charge to clow acrso the cell epriamlioty ions cant croso phgliosnlayer without heklp


what allwos charge to flwo acros the clel memreb?


epreiamtbil to to charge mocleus ionc cat cors sphsolipdi bulayer withou hlp


permabitl to chage mdocleio isonc ant cor sphnteil



whatallwos charge to flow acorss the clel eprema t o roions cro


permabeitlity


wha tcmake sel ciotn merio ion channels



volte acos at eres when


more negati vien teh isnid ethe reisntg is -60-70


neruos are more negative charge nt eh isndie and we reod oc iewit eleocitronde



waht aions ar eimprot fo dme



K, Cl, MG and <NA


K+ is in

the inside the MG2+ and Na2_ is in the



Sodium

NA CL CA


na 2_ cl = ca2-




so otusid ehtet will be na cl and ca2_

the inside iwll ahve k+ the inside will have k+ na dnt eoutsie will hve na ca cl


te insid eiwll javek_



tere is leecitrla graient psoieve charged ions will move wotewd negtaitvley chartged area na vise ves



the elcital graient poiiv elycharged ions will mvoe woards negatily chares arena dvis eever elecitela raind eposievly charged ions will move


elecitrl griadien tpis chared


elecitrl graidne tpsoive ion move wtowa tne negait ve


chemcia grial the ions form high ocne4iton will diffu eo teh lower oneiton

psoiv moe



ELECTRICLA elecitricity use s- and + and so this means that it iwll mean from negative tospsoiteve

chemical graident is oging ot be ions diffusing from hgih coentiroant oto lower conei3ntora


elecitlr elecirti ciusei - and + and ehcmei gradients are giong ot be


high coneiotr ot low cienoteionalt.





chenciotn’cneucla graion id soign ot be from high ocneiotn to lwo


eleiocn i form psotivie to negative




ions at euiqlirbium


the elctorhcejmic graidient of orisol the cheal hav eot eopen if ot no eprable chanenls willente r


what hwhap en whe thecmieal and elcditr graidnet calen equito out a euqilbrium peitneis


the quielbreium pteointail meanins that as the na channels open the cletil rainetion


qeioaloebr peitoneo = no ne3t flwo


this brieng ht emenrop tieon to +60

the reisng peiotna of a neuons i s-6


it si mroe negaitnve inside the cell mereb is periaonet o toehr iosn





s the quilebroeum pteion of nat is 60 and -85mv for k and cl is -65


na is 6-


so from -65 to +65

K 0is 085


na is +65 K is -85 and cl is -65mv


na is _65 and k is -85 and cl is -65




equialirbeium petienos menas that ther eis no net flow of a cetion ion

+60mv


-84 and -65


60 85 and 65


clorhdis id -65 jsu liek the mermaben peitona and the +60 is the na and -85 is the K+



neualm memrebas are most eprieabel to psoitioen becaus ethe ra erpsotiem leach cnelal o


at rest he emrnebr is perbale


sinc ehte erba is permabel to potassum at rest sinc eht ememrbsi. perbale



sinc ehte kern is perbale to postum at rest due to leka channels opme nong ated chanels potism ais able to flwo acrss the emrbamne, at eleocintr gra dat wowill will caus positm to flow out of the cell in order omgvoe the clel mermepraoitnl twoards peirst


if hte clel has thes eopent ion chanle





if on

f


if these cell havs tehseopenino gated ions chane the iosna removat ing a


tye mereba hsa oteher opne nong ation ion chahes a well there are fewer of htese channels comapred therea re fewer of htese hcnanel socmapre iont hte psoiel . ther peabl of closide iab out jafl of the psiotna d iter os id if enoguh chrleod i and simd in move ot keep the neruosn ar eisont


pesne of pstiol leakd chane make more perbale ot psoteim this ouwld bering the merneam more slcose ro t-86 btu becaus hte ea reosme chanenls leikc l that are also going ot be les peorae but let out some cla nd finall the least i sna and thsi owull dilrbing it clsoe or resing




so the eu4qilbreium peitoen


eq8aob9eruk npeoitnel


NERSNT - erneto needs ot be at eu4iqlairb ernsi petioal is what is needed for caucluation the euqalirbium peoitneial.


fodlma is for the mern e



wecan use the quilabreium peotneaiol of an ion to dmerin its mvoement with a ivne merp





we ca redit if w ejhave. a-6 and w eneed ot get ot 85 - k plus will leav etnhe. cell



should know the the ousie


if hihe ror low coiento iethan

iunsid eo rosudie










dperoaloing decreasing ehm ermebtoeit herypa wil inir eit


aps we will have the isidnt wher ehte na will oepn over tuep filling wieht the k+ w8ill open and hyerpaol it e




the shape ofn ana icon pteitanol there is ht riskginf aling udner shoot vey rapid changed ins ine mermabrepotoeail,replizign dpeolaring or heyerpziing


p ap cant hapepn becauws eht en ahcannels open beocme invactie

the ap can ahhep but sronh istmusi reuqied


at absuture refration on ap can happena t eraltiv ereraoty perios ther ecna be apn a bwu tiwth strong sitmulsu



aciot petoinal give a giv e clel all aciton petaintl have the samem chatersic


ap for a give clel alla ciotn petoianol ahv he tsmae hc ateris heyd peolzia ot hte sma ememrba proietal vlaue and tka ehe sma eofu to eim widifne enoolike a neruoa sj a s chi


a strong ismulus can cause more aciton petiaols to fire out the higeh of n aciont petoiaol is always the sm but the stneio is direinte bt ehauqial



ttk

teaK



TEAK will stop the K

TTK is na


we we wnat top stop we apply TTX tha tis oging osblcoikd the sodium voat geat


TEAK wont balkc hte ogalt egated postutm schnaeld it wont blcok pabut alte rit porpeires.



teak is oging o stop the potassium


ttx is going to stop the na and htis is going to sopt ation pteionatl tak is going stopog ap



over shoot hsi si absultie



since gap jucntion alow difiosn of ion iwthout any sioibtieo the singal cna flow dbireiontallytrhough syanps ehte elcotrngri acna tdir the ion flow this mena that iwngl

r

ekecitrlav nsyspaos eallow fo rbdireionclat ac iti elecirtlr ahysnaps elalow sof rbirediotnl acitiyve lecitrl ansyap sllose ifonaioe aicithyvuet


cemica syanps0 is slwo relies on entueoamtierr elei sallov forabitlity in tyep son nsuyapti crpesoneos


so the na will reahc the synaotuc know that iwll cuashet ca to oepwn


te voaltege d calcium chanesla re contrioated in the psyetn temrina at acoingv eons teh reono fhet emr ewerhe mail nueromitites ar rlease dat thea cit iv e


the igoe gehet we the aciti vozn eunpat re doate dna d read itnemedi realdup



axiti veonse ther eiwll be pool sthe viels ready


atht hememreban viels ciewht pereio do not doca at catick sonz eth elcoalteo outis d eaicitne furthe rayw aform the mermenaw dn the hie ige


syantpogamin is a cluck sensoryhtat is oignt o detec elgated levels o calcim

so the spatn an dchatl eis oigng o teinteac iwtt he snase ocmpelx an tha ti soigg o allow th veislc eo tbdint to the cmemrabne and veuscluarl fusion


teh sytanptogmain is going ot be a ca detcot an dhte nsar eis giong ot neeed it to einteiaoc tiw itha dn realiet enuerintie the snaos e ta


the alst stp eof nteureomiter ela is efucint he mce


syatnpogmaisis ogingot be a ca dtector.



mooonm neruosmitero s


GLU glu is like cum and i get that hwne im excited



so that is exitiato r gaba abd lghy is initioru in audlts


i get glu when im excited na gaba and lgy ar einhtiory












ach and ner


in cnetal na dpeirpherl nerovys ystem mainly exictiaot rht eahc is in CNS an dPNS and minaly eixtiotyr


GLy and ACH is mainly eitior NE gly and haba re inirot r


Ne is nore danely ne is nore peitnerpey

NOre peirn is both


nor


glu is exitia and so is ACH


sutbatinac ep I sptan intrmison

So glu is iexitie gly gaba is inihtiory


ACH is exitietoryand ne is both

and Subtanc ep is pain trmaittiosn



glu ach is exitieory




GLUACH


LGUACH

gluach exiitytor GLUaCh

gluach gluach

exiiteotry and gly and gaba is inihbtiroy


and subtanc p is pain rmaission




nurotrmisters a rele alzed a thte prnsm ememrbane andinterct iwher cpeotn osnt ehpsuentpw membern


gluach is for eitieot and subtanc ep is fo rpain triaminioin


neuro rmaiter s arelase dofat he rpema inag intiea


a

fet eotueis si of thr meite rtnranvie re


recpote fall into two gateoes ionitropic is calle dligan gated na dmentbroic is g ovupeo repeciote s


ionitiroic is igan tgat ednetabotipicv is repcoe g coupels



neuriters are going to be taken up by trmaiter or breka donw by enzume.


aecnteyl colinis ogngo tbe


takn e back up and breok eodnw to cholin and ceit i ithe most wlel studpide dnwswytaps



the libci systme is going ot be the etioan rbain ocmpsoed o fmeutlucle and idepta


ICngual cutsi is going ot be in the abov ehte



the cutla tegyris s going to be


The icntual grusi is going ot he abov ehte courpl asthe parnaud is oin ght emperoa the iuhisopai si n mermei and in the tempral amugois is doing ot be invoed in asep cot emotin ameitonal memroy oflai is going to proces ordors tha can proivd motion


fornix is the white layer tha ti sogin to onnec the hipom


form other limbi strucutrel s



the regutl fomation is at the end base of hte rbain stem


ht ereultar fomation is at teh base o fhe rbainstem


Motor ocmpeons are going ot be reugalte dmusl etis


motor ofcmpeosn are going ot be reualte dmsucle tone


Mtoro ocmpetoes reuglates muscle muscl eitne vid spint the senosry are goig ot proces and sne gisnglto cortex to bring abotu altneri si the highes form of conisonsuss. es



The reugul morfmnati is going ot be losley rongized gray matter

therutlemiao is going ot be loosley orngize gra matter of brainstem -

the reucutl fmriaotn is looelsye ornzied gray matter o ht ebrainstem. the reuckt rmaiton is loosely rongized gray amtter othe brian

the reugl moirn is loosley orngaiz egrya mattero fhte rebisnte m


-