SS

Technology

  • Humans have the ability to create new technology

  • Lets them expand to new environments and become a dominant species

  • Ability to create symbols

  • Language, the ability to share information 

  • All the ways human beings interact with their environment beyond what their bodies can do

  • All humans to multiply and conserve energy

  • Allows us to extend our power as a species

“Imagined Order”

  • Make things up/ to conceive of things that are not objectively real

  • Imagined realities

  • Hunter Gatherers develop social practices that allow them to be independent, they don’t rely on anyone else

  • Social control: State and religion

  • People hold power, make rules, raise armies, and manage and build public works

  • Empires create a social and political hierarchy 

  • The emperor was the son of the heavens and would do many rituals at the temple of heaven

Egalitarian

  • Environment unpredictable, move around a lot

  • Resources not limited

  • Diet food from the land plants and animals

  • Size Small

  • Low population density

  • Very little food storage (No surplus)

  • Leveling mechanisms: Gift giving, sharing food

    • Inequality is minimized

  • Everyone must share

  • Rely on knowledge and skill

  • If you don’t like the way someone treats you, you can just move away

  • Leaders are not given more then everyone else

  • Power is shared

  • Groups rely on shaming to control the group

  • Men and women have seperate roles (Division of labor by gender)

  • Food gathered by men is more desirable than by women (Unequal by gender)

  • Gloku said the real food is “Buffalo Meat”

The sacred and profane

  • Sacred: Anything that is supernatural

  • Profane: Anything that is a port of the natural world (Real)

  • Ritual: an act performed in honor of the sacred world

  • Waterlily: Sun dance (Ritual), a tree (Profane) is turned into a holy object (Sacred)

Animism

  • The belief that there is multiple different spirits in the world

  • Trees, animals, rocks etc. have spirits

  • “Personhood”

  • Hunter-Gats want a reciprocal relationship w spirits in nature to gain its cooperation

  • Waterlily: Men dance in rituals to the great spirits for assistance

  • Dancers fast for serval days before the sun dance

  • They want to be in a trance state, believe they are closer connected to the spirits in this state

  • They sacrifice themselves, by cutting they skin

  • They need someone to suffer so the group can strive

  • Shaman a priest like figure

  • A religious experience keeps people together and creates solidarity

Domestication

  • Agriculture revolution: shift to raising animals and growing plants

  • Domestication: modifying plants and animals to make them better for humans

  • Substance strategy: How people use resources to live

  • Nature is something to control and make better for humans

Carrying Capacity

  • Agriculture increases carrying capacity

  • Maximum people who can live in an area with the current tech

  • Women have higher fertility rates, which inc. pop. density

  • Allows for an economic Surplus

Surplus

  • Allows society to be more complex

  • Division of labor: People specialize in certain tasks

  • Stratification: Structured inequality in society, power wealth is unequally distributed

  • More people lived near each other, brought potential conflict between different people

  • Need institutions to bring people together

  • People w power appreciate surplus

The Three Prostratins and the Nine Kowtows

  • A traditional for deep respect.

  • Performed at imperial courts, religious ceremonies, and ancestors worship

  • Three Prostrains mean kneeling three times

  • 9 kowtows is kneeling until the head touches the ground

  • Both done a a sign of respect

Reconquista

  • Spain’s military and cultural project

  • Got rid of the Muslims in modern day Spain, forced the people to convert to christianity 

The Encomienda System

  • Columbian exchange, food animals and disease from the new world to the old world and vice versa

  • Encomendar: To entrust

  • The Laws of Burgos: authorized the encomienda system

  • Where entrusted with a number of natives

  • Expected to protect and teach the natives christianity and make them do labor

Natural Slavery

  • Humans have two elements reasons and passions

  • Freeman reason governs passions

  • Natural slave reason is unable to govern passions

  • Natural slave depends on master to guide him

  • Freedom is unnatural to the slave

Just war theory

  • War is undertaken by legitimate authority 

  • War is carried out in self defense

• War is pursued in the interests in establishing order and protecting the innocent