Revision for RM test

MEDIAN

Median = middle value in a set of data

You can find this by arranging the number set from lowest to highest, and then finding the middle value

ALLOCATING PARTICIPANTS TO CONDITIONS
Randomization = using a chance method to allocate a participant to a conditions

Randomization reduces extraneous variables of researcher bias

Randomization can be done by using a randomized generator

HYPOTHESES

Hypothesis = A statement written at the start of a study that states the relationship between different variables.

Directional Hypothesis = A hypothesis that makes clear the relationship between the different variables, e.g. people who drink energy drinks will be more talkative than people who don’t

Non-directional Hypothesis = A hypothesis that states there is a difference between the relationship between variables, but doesn’t directly state what it is, e.g. drinking energy drinks will differ your talkative levels than not drinking energy drinks

Use directional hypothesis if previous research studies predict a certain outcome, and if research is contradictory or there is no previous research, use a non'-directional hypothesis

INVESTIGATOR EFFECTS

Investigator effects = any effect of the investigator (conscious or unconscious) on the outcome (DV)

An example of how this can come about, is through leading questions, which are questions from the investigator that will lead the participant to give a certain response

To reduce investigator effects, investigators can standardize experiment by creating standard questions to ask all participants

TYPES OF DATA

Quantitative data = numerical data

Positive = plotted on graph, simple, scientific. Negative = non insightful, rigid

Qualitative data = word data

Positive = insightful, detailed. Negative, bias, external validity

Primary data = first hand data collected for the study

Positive = targeted for participants, authentic. Negative = expensive, lots of planning

Secondary data = second hand data that is preexisting

Positive = inexpensive, less planning, less time consuming. Negative = outdated, inaccurate

TYPES OF OBSERVATION

Naturalistic observations = observation occurs in the setting behavior would normally occur

Controlled observations = observation occurs within a structured area like a lab

Covert observations = when participants are aware observation is occurring

Overt observations = when participants are not aware observation is occurring

Participant observations = researcher becomes a member of the group they are observing

Non-participant observations = researcher remains separate from the group they are observing