ART APPRECIATION

PERCEPTION

  • the primary stage of engaging with art. 

  • Instance of taking in information or stimulus that originates from the world around us.

SUBJECTIVITY 

  • selective perception to focus on some details as essential or as standouts.

SUBJECTIVE 

  • visual focus

  • it is the topic or focal point that an art piece is built around.

CONTENT 

  • communicated by the artist or the artwork.

FORM 

  • refers to how the elements and the medium or material are put together.


SUBJECT   “what”

CONTENT  “why”

FORM         “how”

Types of subject

  1. Representational Art

  2. Non-Representational Art

  3. Abstract Art

REPRESENTATIONAL ART 

  • “Figurative Art”

  • easy to make out and decipher.

Example:

MONA LISA 

  • By Leonardo Da Vinci

  • portrait of a woman with an enigmatic smile


THE SCREAM 

  • By Edward Munch

  • represents the existential angst and despair of modern life.

NON REPRESENTATIONAL ART

  •  “Non-Figurative Art” 

  • does not represent things. 

  • Visual elements such as shapes, lines, and colors that translate a particular feeling, emotion, and even concept.


VASILY KANDINSKY 

  • He asserted that with sounds. 

  • paintings are inspired by music and titled as impression, improvisation, and composition.


ex.

Number 1A

  • by: Jackson Pollock 

  • (1948)

Number 61 Rust and Blue 

  • by: Mark Rothko 

  • (1953)


ABSTRACT ART

  • does not attempt to represent an accurate depiction of visual reality.

  • it uses shapes, colors, forms, and gestural marks to achieve its effect.


NON-REPRESENTATIONAL ART 

  • pure aesthetic experiences.

ABSTRACT ART 

  • is like a visual puzzle; forms that might not immediately make sense.

Sources and kinds of subject:


Nature as the source of inspiration

  • One of the possible sources of inspiration is nature. 

  • diverse ways of representing nature:

  • plants to animals 

  • the qualities of bodies of water and the terrain of landmasses

  • perceivable cycles and changing of seasons.


DIE EBENE VON AUVERS 

  • by Van Gogh

  • saw art and nature as inseparable and found solace and happiness in painting in it.


Other artists with a considerable number of landscapes and seascapes were 

  • Claude Monet

  • Camille Pissaro

  • Paul Cezanne

  • Paul Cezanne


In the Philippines

  • National Artists for Painting

  • Fernando Amorsolo and Fabian de la Rosa 

  • gained prominence from their painted rural scenes.


GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY 

  • Greek and Roman deities

  • gods and goddesses 

  • whose fates are seemingly as tragic as those of men.


POLYTHEISM 

  • multitude of gods and goddesses.

  • Examples were wall paintings or frescos and sculptural works such as busts, statuaries, and ceramics and pottery.


JUDEO-CHRISTIAN TRADITION as another inspiration 


  • MONOTHEISM 

  • Stems from a belief in a lone creator of the universe.

  • had an immense influence from Western civilization.


MICHAELANGELO 

  • created the intricate fresco 

  • lines the Sistine Chapel. 

  • Commissioned by Pope Julius II


CONTENT IN ART 

  • refers to what is being depicted

  • deriving a basic meaning. 

  • It is also a statement, expression, or mood developed by the artist and interpreted by the observer.

  • basic equation to better understand what makes content in art: 

(Composition + Focus) + (Elements + Principles) = Content

  • Portraits, Landscape, Still lifes

3 Various Levels of Meanings:


  1. FACTUAL MEANING 

  • the most common meaning. 

  • The identifiable or recognizable forms in the artwork 

  • understanding how these elements relate to one another.


  1. CONVENTIONAL MEANING 

  • acknowledged interpretation of the artwork 

  • using motifs, signs, and symbols.


  1. SUBJECTIVE MEANING 

  • came from the viewers or audience’s circumstances and experiences. 


CREATION OF ADAM 

  • by Michaelangelo 

  • from the Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel l in Vatican City

  • Between 1508-1512. 

  • Represents humanity was created through the hands of God.

  • This work is asserted by CONVENTIONAL MEANINGS 

  • commonly held belief that man was created in the image and likeness of God.

  • it involves Adam as figured with an aged God arm stretched and their respective fingers appearing to be fixed at an impending contact


MICHAEL ANGELO 

  • an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance.

  • Born in the Republic of Florence, 

  • his work was inspired by models from antiquity

  • had a lasting influence on Western Art.


What inspired Michelangelo to paint the Creation of Adam?

  • moment when God created human life

  • the Book of Genesis in the Christian Bible: “Then God said, “Let us make man in our image, after our likeness.

  • specific poses of God and Adam (convex and concave postures, respectively)’

  • allude to the correspondence of the body.


Frank Lynn Meshberger

  • Gynecologist

  • discusses the theory 

  • is an intriguing connection between the shape of the human brain.

  • the depiction of God in Michelangelo's famous artwork.

  • published in the October 1990

  • issue of the Journal of American Medical Association

  • the silhouette of God, the shroud, and the drapery in the painting align with the shape of the human brain.

  • “The Endowment of Adam”

  • It highlights the importance of intellect as a quality imparted to man by God.



PETER DRUCKER

  • “Post Capitalist Society” in seminal book 

  • “the real controlling resource and the decisive factor of production is

    Neither capital, not land nor labor. It is knowledge.

  • Instead of capitalist and proletarians,

the classes of the post-capitalist society are the knowledge workers and the service workers.”

  • One type of knowledge that fuels the 21st Century is creativity.


JERRY SALTZ 

  • invented a way to get the three-dimensional world into two dimensions

  • attach value to their own ideas.

  • refers to the first cave painters created during the Stone Age.


ARTISTS

  • created objects that are present in all of the affairs of man

  • Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington DC.

  • numerous monuments and memorials

  • Pyramid of Giza

  • Cave paintings have alluded comprehension like the Stonehenge.


THE ARTISAN AND THE GUILDS

  • Magnificent structures are appreciated for their aesthetic characteristics that render them uniqueness. 

  • materials, medium and the principles behind the process of their creation.

  • the emergence of the technology and knowledge in managing these objects and structures.

  • Gothic Cathedrals

  • megastructures that were built all over Europe during the Middle Ages.

  • Craftsmen and builders fulfilled overlapping roles.


COLOGNE CATHEDRAL

  • Gerhard Ryle master mason

  • started the project in 1248

  • Completed 600 years later

  • one of the longest construction projects


GUILDS

  •  type of social fellowship

  •  develops immense skill and expertise in his craft.

  • prevalent during the middle ages during the 13th to 15th century


ALBRECHT DURER

  • Born in 1471

  • his father was a goldsmith

  • he was also an apprentice but later on shifted to Visual arts

  • His life was ripe with travels  to gather more experience and knowledge.

  • He also published books and treatises that talked about practical skills


ARTISANS DURING SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD

  • artisans became prevalent in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period

  •  the case for religious and secular art

  • Friars, being non-artists, provided the references that artists could use. 

  • During the propagation of the faith, Spanish friars commissioned a lot of artisans for churches and Laguna. public sites

“THE CHURCH OF THE MOST HOLY TRINITY IN LOAY BOHOL REFERRED TO AS SANTISIMA TRINIDAD 

PARISH” (DETAIL OF THE CEILING OF THE CHURCH OF THE MOST HOLY TRINITY “LOAY BOHOL”).


PROJECT KISAME

  • Built in 1822

  • rendered trompe l'oeil style depicting biblical scenes. 

  • aimed to promote this art form through documentation, engagement, and appreciation of surviving ceiling paintings in more than 60 churches in the Philippines.

  • Spanish Architecture documented is the Church of the Most Holy Trinity in Loay, BohoL

  •  In 2003, it became a National Historical Landmark, damaged during the devastating earthquake that rattled Bohol in 2013.


TIPOS DEL PAÍS

  • was watercolor paintings.


LETRA  Y FIGURAS

  • means to illustrate the letters of one’s name or surname.


DAMIAN DOMINGO OF THE ACADEMIA DE DIBUJO

  • illustrated the systematization of art instruction

  • the best tipos del país painter 

  • This school specialized teaching the miniaturismo style of painting.


MINIATURISMO STYLE 



 

ARTIST AND HIS STUDIO


DEVELOPMENT DURING THE MIDDLE AGES UP TO RENAISSANCE ERA

  • Transformation of craftsmen to individual artist

  • Widespread patronization of secular art

  • Assertion of cognition, of will, and individuality

  • Claim of authorship of artworks by artist (by signing)

  • Result: Wide variety of artworks (in forms, style, and techniques)

  • an art showing a person in a serious motive and outlook.


STUDIO/ATELIER

  • dated since Renaissance period

  • segments of work station:

  • Studiolo: decorated room or study room where the artworks are displayed, room for contemplation

  • Bottega:  where the work is created

  • Apprentices: studies under their masters; assist in menial task or preparing painting surfaces


DEVELOPMENT DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

  • In France art salons became popular to support the discourse around them.

  • The industrial revolution in the 1800s encountered innovations in their artistry.


OTHER PLAYERS IN THE WORLD OF ART


ASSUMPTION

  • Artist works in solitary

  • the work is displayed and when in circulation


HOWARD BECKER'S ART WORLD

  • Sociological study on the production and consumption of art

  • Artwork involves joint activity of a number of people

  • Art World - sophisticated network of relationships and exchanges of legitimized roles. 

  • where art is distributed in a global network of individuals, groups, and institutions.


ART AS A PROFESSION

  • implies that the artwork does not only rely on ideas, sentiment, and aesthetic values, but also skills that are professionalized, stratified, and monetized.

  • Art Fairs (Art Basel - Hong Kong, 2015) / Manila Illustration Fair 2024


ADMINISTRATIVE/MANAGERIAL ROLES

  • (In Institutional and Non-Institutional Scenarios)

  • Board of trustees

  • Directors and assistant directors

  • Curation manager

  • other operational posts


CURATORS (OVERSEER/MANAGER)

  • A keeper or custodian of a museum or other collection

  • ROLE: Choosing, obtaining, recording, and safeguarding artifacts for museums or other establishments.

  • Researching the history and contents of the collection.

  • Creating displays and talks that highlight the relevance of the collection.

  • Communicating with groups both inside and outside the organization to promote the museum. 



There are 2 kinds of curators:


Institutional Curators: 

  • Typically affiliated with museums and galleries.

Independent or Freelance Curators: 

  • Have the leeway to move around various projects, platforms, and art spaces in a multiplicity of terms.


BUYERS & COLLECTORS

  • Often they are constructed as one and the same.

  • Formerly ascribed with the term “patron,” buyers and collectors who acquire and purchase artworks for variety of reasons:

  • For the appreciation and enjoyment of art.

  • For the scholarship and education opportunity it may provide. (Donors of study collections)

  • For safeguard and preservation of their posterity.

  • For investment.

  • For communicating a way of life/lifestyle.


BUYERS 

  • are those who initially assess and survey the artwork that collectors are interested in.

  • It is their role to oversee the sale of the artwork.


COLLECTOR

  • someone who knows art, understands its behavior and patterns.


ART DEALERS

  • whose direct hand is in the distribution and circulation of the artworks

Knowledge and insights art dealers are expected to have:

  •  Specialization in art form, style, medium, or period

  •  Market trends

  • Interrelationships of other key players who will benefit from the distribution of the artwork (or artist) he promotes.


MUSEUMS AND GALLERIES

  • key institutions in the art world.

  • Ethics distinguishes museums from galleries, advising against market involvement.

MUSEUMS 

  • Display, distribute, and circulate artworks

  • role is to educate the public and appreciate artworks


PRODUCTION PROCESS

  • series of steps that artists go through to create their artwork.

  • the initial conception of an idea to the final execution of the piece.


PRE-PRODUCTION

  • Involves planning and preparation for the artwork.

  • Examples: sketching designs, researching new materials/tools, and gathering inspirations from art exhibits.

 

PRODUCTION

  • Part of the process where the actual creation of the artwork takes place. 

  • involves the use of  different mediums and techniques and can take various forms, such as painting, sculpture, tapestry, photograph, film, dance, and music.

  • Examples: Applying paint to canvas, sculpting clay into a desired form, and capturing images using a camera


POST-PRODUCTION

  • final touches or adjustments to finalize the piece.

  • Example: Sanding rough edges, applying protective coating, and preparing for exhibition or sale.


MEDIUM

  • materials that artists use to create their artwork.


TECHNIQUE

  • specific methods or processes that artists use to manipulate their chosen medium

  • It involves the application of skills  to achieve desired results within a given medium.


ENGAGEMENT WITH ART

  • dynamic interaction between individuals and artworks.

  • The prime settings are the art exhibitions and museums which provide space to experience numerous artworks in one visit.

  • facilitates the conveyance of their message creating a distinct connection between the artist and audience.


THE EVOLVING ROLE OF THE EXHIBITION AND ITS IMPACT ON ART AND CULTURE


Anna Cline 

  • 2012

  • Exhibitions acts as the catalyst of art and ideas to the public

  • way of displaying and contextualizing art that makes it relevant to contemporary audiences.


WHAT MAKES A GREAT EXHIBITION?


Paula Marincola 

  • 2006

  • Exhibitions are strategically located at the nexus

  • Exhibition creates an opportunity in which the different roles in the art world get to meet.

  • renders everything peaceful and calm.


WHITE CUBE

  • gallery or exhibition space characterized by its minimalist design.

  • featuring white walls, ceilings, and floors.

  • popularized by art critic Brian O’Doherty (1976)

  • “Inside the White Cube: The Ideology of the Gallery Space”. 


EXHIBITION

  • temporary or periodically changing.

  • the artwork is a stand-alone

  • its display under a slightly structure or format.


AWARDS AND CITATIONS

  • given incentives and honor for their work is through state initiated and given awards and citations.

2 major awards given to artists in the Philippines:

  1.  Orden ng Pambansang Alagad ng Sining (Order of National Artists)

  2. Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (National Living Treasures Awards)


ORDER OF NATIONALS ARTISTS

  • highest national recognition

  • significant contributions to the development of Philippine Arts

  • administered by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts

  • the Cultural Center of the Philippines

  • conferred by the President of the Philippines upon recommendation by both institutions


FERNANDO AMORSOLO

  • The first recipient of this award.

  • “Grand Old Man of Philippine Art”

  • Sole awardee in the year 1972 (National Artist for Visual Arts)


HONORS AND PRIVILEGES

  • A state funeral and burial at the Libingan ng Mga Bayani (Heroes’ Cemetery)

  • A place of honor and designated area during National state functions along with recognition or acknowledgement at cultural events


The rank and title

  • proclaimed by the President of the Philippines

  • Medallion or insignia and citation that will be read during the conferment.


Cash awards and a host of benefits

  • monthly life pension, medical, and hospitalization benefits, life insurance coverage


GAWAD SA MANLILIKHA NG BAYAN (GAMABA)

  • created in 1992

  • under the RA No 7355

  • under the jurisdiction of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA)


National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA)

  • search for outstanding traditional artists

  • Tasked with the administration and implementation of the Award

  • the highest policymaking  for culture and the arts of the States.


GINAW BILOG

  • First batch of recipients of GAMABA



MASINO INTARAY

  • First batch of recipients of GAMABA

  • A master of various traditional musical instruments of the Palawan people.


SAMAON SULAIMAN

  • A master of the kutyapi

  • achieved the highest level of excellence in the art of kutyapi playing.

  • His extensive repertoire of dinaladay, linapu, minuna, binalig, and other forms and styles interpreted with refinement and sensitivity fully demonstrate creative and expressive possibilities of his instrument.


INCENTIVES ACCORDED TO THE AWARDEE

  • A specially designed gold medallion

  • An initial grant of P100,000 and a P10,000 monthly stipend for life Benefits

  • a maximum cumulative amount of P750,000 medical and hospitalization benefits

  • Funeral assistance or tribute fit for a National Living Treasure



  • A master of the Ambahan poetry







Pablo Picasso’s 

  • Head of a Woman Mougens 

  • known for his paintings but also dabbed into sculptures.