UCSP 2nd Quar

UCSP (2^ND QUARTER)

KINSHIP BY BLOOD

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

· Standardized patterns of behavior, norms and subsystems that support a society’s survival

· Basic social institution include: family, education, religion, economy, and government

Family as a Social Institution

FAMILY

· Basic unit of society

· Serves as the cornerstone for individuals to function daily and is a locus of their social activities.

KINSHIP

· Web of social relationships that connect individuals through blood, marriage, or other social bonds

KINSHIP BY BLOOD (Consanguinity)

· Relationships between individuals who share a common ancestor

KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE (Affinity)

· Relationships formed through marriage

FAMILY

· group of people related by consanguinity that maintains a close relationship with each other

Types of Families:

1. FAMILY OF ORIENTATION

· Family in which a person is born and grows up with, usually as a child of two parents

2. FAMILY OF PROCREATION

· Family that is formed through marriage, adoption, and other legal processes

Practices in Tracing Family Lineage:

1. UNILINEAL SYSTEM

· Exclusive identification to only one of the parent’s lineages

2. BILATERAL SYSTEM

· Consider both the mother’s and father’s sides as their relatives

PATRILINEAL

· Descent system that involves tracing lineage through the father’s side of the family

MATRILINEAL

· Descent system that involves tracing lineage through the mother’s side of the family

AMBILINEAL DESCENT

· Allows individuals to trace their ancestry through either the father’s or the mother’s line

KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE

ARRANGED MARRIAGE

· Bride and the groom are chosen for each other by their relatives

Societies’ Rules for Marriage

1. ENDOGAMY

· Selection of a marriage partner within one’s social group

2. EXOGAMY

· Selection of a marriage partner from a different social group.

3. POLYGAMY

· Practice of marrying more than one partner

Polygyny – Man marries more than one woman

Polyandry – Woman marries more than one man

4. MONOGAMY

· Practice of having only one partner for a lifetime

Post marital Residence Rules

1. PATRILOCAL

· Couple’s place of residence is near the groom’s ancestral home

2. MATRILOCAL

· Couple’s house is near the bride’s ancestral home

3. AMBILOCAL

· Practice where the couple has the freedom to choose where to live

4. NEOLOCAL

· couple’s place of residence does not consider the distance to their relatives of both parties

KINSHIP BY RITUAL

FICTIVE KINSHIP

· Kinship ties are formed through the following rituals:

o Baptism

o Wedding

o Religious confirmation

Relationship Created by Co-Parenthood

· Bond between the parents and godparents

· Relationship between the child or couple to the godparents

· Compadrazgo System

FAMILY AND THE HOUSEHOLD

HOUSEHOLD

· Group of people sharing a common house

Types of Households:

1. NUCLEAR FAMILY

· Parents and the children occupy a single house

2. EXTENDED FAMILY

· Includes other relatives in the house (e.g., aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins)

COHABITION

· Practice of sharing a household by unmarried couples.

Types of Families in the Contemporary World:

1. TRANSNATIONAL FAMILY

· Family where one or more of its members live in different nations

2. SINGLE-PARENT FAMILY

· Family where only one parent is responsible for his or her children’s welfare

3. RECONSTITUTED FAMILY

· Family where at least one of the parents has children from a previous relationship

ANNULMENT

· Nullifies or voids the marriage

· An annulled marriage could be void from the beginning (void ab initio) or valid until annulled.

· Grounds for annulment may include:

o Psychological incapacity

o Fraud

o Consent obtained under duress or by force

o Physical incapacity to consummate the marriage

LEGAL SEPARATION

· Allows the couple to stay in different households, but their marriage status is still considered valid.

· Grounds for legal separation may include:

o Repeated physical abuse

o Drug addiction

o Sexual infidelity

o Abandonment

DIVORCE

· Absolute termination of marriage, which means that the marriage was valid, but the couple decided to formally separate

KINSHIP BY POLITICS

Politics among Family Members:

1. PATRIARCHAL

· Father plays a dominant role in decision-making and managing the family

2. MATRIARCHAL

· Mother plays a dominant role in decision-making and managing the family

3. EGALITARIAN

· both the mother and the father are involved in decision-making and managing the family

Politics among Families in Society:

1. POLITICAL DYNASTY

· Refers to families that hold political power for generations

Types of Political Dynasty:

1. VERTICAL POLITICAL DYNASTIES

· Politicians from the same family hold different positions in the government at the same time

2. HORIZONTAL POLITICAL DYNASTIES

· The members of the same family hold the same position over time

NEPOTISM

· Act of giving favor to family members, especially by giving them jobs

Cooperation among Families:

1. ALLIANCES

· Made between families to further protect their wealth and power

INCEST

· Practice of marrying a member of the same family

ECONOMIC INSTITUTION: RECIPROCITY

RECIPROCITY

· Refers to the voluntary giving or taking of objects without the use of money, in the hopes that in the future, they could be given back.

· A good example of reciprocity is the Filipino culture of utang na loob (Debt of gratitude)

Forms of Reciprocity:

1. GENERALIZED RECIPROCITY

· Refers to the exchange of goods and services without a definite time frame of when the favor should be returned

2. BALANCED RECIPROCITY

· Refers to the exchange that occurs between groups or individuals with the donor expecting to receive something of equal or similar value

3. NEGATIVE RECIPROCITY

· Groups try to maximize their gains while giving as little as possible

ECONOMIC INSTITUTION: TRANSFER

GOVERNMENTS TRANSFER/ TRANSFER

· Redistribution of wealth and income where no goods or services are being given to the donor in return

Public Goods Provided to benefit its citizens:

· Retirement & Disability Benefits

· Medical Benefits

· Unemployment Insurance

· Education & Training

Impact of Transfer to the Economy:

· Maximize the potential effects of money

· all donors of transfer payments do not expect to receive something in return

· encourage more local investments

Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (TRAIN LAW) – RA no. 10963

ECONOMIC INSTITUTION: REDISTRIBUTION

REDISTRIBUTION

· Occurs when individuals’ goods or services are pooled together by a central authority to be used at a later time.

Issues in Redistribution:

1. How resources should be handled

2. Who gets to make the important decisions

POTLATCH

· Where individual resources are ceremonially given away according to social status, with the hopes that the receiver will share their resources too.

ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS: MARKET TRANSACTIONS

MARKET EXCHANGE

· Refers to the organized process of sale and distribution at money price.

· At least two people should be involved: one who has a product and another who has the money.

MARKET

· Refers to a bigger setting where buyers or sellers simultaneously trade of exchange goods or services.

· It does not just refer to a physical structure (such as a public market) where local goods are sold to consumers.

Elements of Market Transactions

· Money

· Prices

· Supply

· Demand

FREE MARKET

· A phenomenon where no third-party institution controls the market or a single supplier hat does the same.

MARKET TRANSACTIONS

· Facilitate the flow of the economy and help keep its balance.

ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS: MARKET AND STATES

Types of State According to Market Roles:

1. LAISSEZ-FAIRE STATE

· The economy functions best when the government does not intervene.

2. INTERVENTIONIST OR DEVELOPMENTAL STATE

· A state that intervenes in the market and sets the direction and pace of economic development.

3. WELFARE STATE

· A state that plays an important role in the achievement and protection of the economic and social well-being of its citizens.

SOCIAL DESIRABLE

· Resources in society that determine a person’s status.

· It can be power, prestige, or wealth

SOCIAL STATUS

· Position held by an individual in society

Types of Social Desirable:

1. WEALTH

· Material assets

· Money and all the things it can buy

· Can be intangible, like stocks and investments

· Easiest to measure

2. PRESTIGE

· Respect and admiration given by society

· Different social statuses have different level of prestige

3. POWER

● Ability to command others despite resistance

● Has three bases for legitimacy

Bases for Legitimacy

1. TRADITIONAL

· Lies in the culture and tradition of a society.

· An example is the legitimacy of a king or emperor’s power that is based on their country’s tradition

2. CHARISMA

· Some people rose to power because of their charisma or personality.

· An example is a religious leader with large followers because he is an eloquent speaker.

3. RATIONAL-LEGAL

· Backed up by a formal political institution.

· An example is a politician who was elected through an election

SOCIAL MOBILITY SYSTEM

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

· How the members of the society are divided into hierarchies

· Implies that one class is above or below other social strata

SOCIAL MOBILITY

· Pertains to the movement of a person or group from one social status to another

Classification of Social Mobility:

1. VERTICAL

· Going up or down in a social hierarchy.

· An example is from being a farmer to a city mayor or a city mayor to a farmer

2. HORIZONTAL

· Changing a role within the same social class

· An example is a lower middle-class woman who became a teacher but stayed in her social class.

3. INTRAGENERATIONAL

· Someone moving up or down the social ladder within their own lifetime

4. INTERGENERATIONAL

· Change in social class that occurs between generations, comparing parents to their children.

· This change can be either upward or downward.

Systems of Social Mobility:

1. OPEN MOBILITY SYSTEM

· Where movement from one status to another is allowed.

· An example is the society during the precolonial philippines. Although slavery existed during that time, people could raise their status from being slaves (aliping namamahay) to freemen (timawa)

2. CLOSED MOBILITY SYSTEM

· Where movement from one status to another is not allowed.

· Example of a closed mobility system is the Indian caste system. Each group in the caste system had no means to move up or down the social hierarchy in their lifetime

FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION IN A SOCIETY

EDUCATION

· How knowledge is passed on to other members of society and one way to do it is through schooling or formal education.

Types of Education:

1. FORMAL

· Structured system of learning that takes place in an educational institution, such as a school

2. NONFORMAL

· A structured program that takes place outside of the formal education system, such as through a community group or organization

3. INFORMAL

· A spontaneous process of learning that takes place through daily activities, such as work, family, or leisure

Other Forms of Education

● Private education

● Indigenous education

● Informal learning

● Self-directed learning

● Open education

Functions of Formal Education

· Socialization

· Social Integration

· Social Placement

Reminder:

· Formal education was developed to teach society’s norms and values

· It also encourages conformity by identifying desirable values and attitudes.

· It connects students’ talents with their interests and available opportunities.

· It develops critical thinking and produce new knowledge and culture

· Formal education became an institution of childcare for working parents.

· It also helps children establish social ties and relationships that have a lasting impact on their lives

Culture of Innovation

· Latent Function of Formal Education

EDUCATION AS A HUMAN RIGHT

International Convention that Affirmed Education is a Human Right:

· International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

· Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

Reasons why Advocates Continue to Campaign for Education as Human Right:

1. Primary education teaches children literacy and numeracy skills.

2. Many children still do not have access to primary education

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Facets of the Right to Education:

· Education enables individuals to exercise their rights.

· All children have a right to quality education.

Pedro Orata

· father of barrio high schools

· Spent much of his life promoting and improving Filipinos’ access to education.

· He believed that teachers must base their teachings on the actual needs and problems of the children and the community.

All children must be given the same educational opportunities.

SOCIAL INEQUALITY

· Difference in distribution of social desirables

· Unequal opportunities based on social status

GENDER INEQUALITY

● Lesser salary for women

● Indifference and discrimination experienced by the LGBTQIA+ community

ETHNIC MINORITIES

· They are often discriminated and stereotyped because of their traditional lifestyle.

OTHER MINORITIES

· Persons with disabilities and religious minorities may experience discrimination.

Global Warming and Climate Change

Tuvalu: The First Digital Nation

· “Tuvalu is an island nation in the Pacific forecasted to be completely uninhabitable by the end of the century. In 2022, 40 percent of its capital district is submerged underwater during high tides. The rising sea levels are caused by climate change.

· The state transferred its governance to the metaverse to maintain its functionality. Also, it preserved its physical environment by creating a digital version in case it entirely submerges as a result of the rising sea levels.“

What cultural, economic, and political issues are Filipinos facing today, and how are they being addressed?

Global Warming

● It refers to the significant rise in the surface temperature of the Earth.

● Some scientists and researchers prefer to use the term “climate change.”

Climate Change

· It is a term used to describe the increase in global temperature accompanied by its effects on Earth (e.g., changing sea levels and frequent storms).

· Global warming is a symptom of climate change.

Greenhouse gases

· They allow sunlight to enter the Earth's atmosphere and trap it to keep the surface warm.

· This phenomenon is called the greenhouse effect.

· As a result of human activities, the concentration of greenhouse gases has increased drastically.

· More heat is trapped on the Earth as greenhouse gases thicken.

Activities that Increase the Amount of Greenhouse Gases

· Burning of fossil fuels

· Use of fertilizer

· Deforestation

· Decomposition of wastes in landfills

Implications of Global Warming and Climate Change

Five sectors most likely to be affected by climate change in the Philippines (PAGASA)

· Water resources

· Forestry

· Agriculture

· Coastal resources

· Health

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Mitigation

· It aims to address the causes of global warming and climate change, which includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the countries involved.

Adaptation

· It refers to the process of adjusting to the immediate and long-term effects of climate change.

Transnational Migration and Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)

What cultural, economic, and political issues are Filipinos facing today, and how are they being addressed?

The Concept of Transnational Migration

· The process by which immigrants maintain and participate in various aspects of social relations that connects their home society and their place of settlement.

Factors Contributing to Transnational Migration

· Employment opportunities

· Safety

The Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)

· It is a term used to refer to those who work abroad.

Four Waves of Migration (History of OFWs)

· Spanish colonial period (first wave)

· American colonial period (second wave, 1900s)

· Migration to Asian countries (third wave, 1950s)

· Marcos regime (fourth wave, 1970s)

Issues and Concerns

· Double identity

· Cases of abuse

· Brain drain

· Instability of the

· economy

Solutions and Responses

· The Philippine government should strengthen ties with international organizations that support and defend the rights of OFWs.

· Issues like poverty, lack of education, unemployment, underemployment, and poor working conditions in the Philippines must be addressed.

Responding to Cultural, Social, and Political Change

What cultural, economic, and political issues are Filipinos facing today, and how are they being addressed?

Inclusive Citizenship and Participatory Governance

· Inclusive citizenship promotes the idea that all citizens, regardless of race, gender, religion, or socioeconomic status, are included and valued members of society.

Four Values of Inclusive Citizenship

· Justice

· Recognition

· Self-Determination

· Solidarity

Inclusive Citizenship and Participatory Governance

· Participatory governance refers to state-authorized processes allowing citizens to voice their opinions and vote on policies and programs to improve their lives.

New Forms of Media and Social Networking

· New media is a means of mass communication that relies on computers and digital technologies for its creation and distribution.

Six Characteristics of New Media

· Digital

· Interactive

· Hypertextual

· Networked

· Virtual and simulated

New Forms of Media and Social Networking

Social Networking

· It refers to the creation of connections among individuals that develop into specific groups.

· It also enables people to find and interact with others who share their interests.

Big media companies are catching up with the latest trends to sustain their popularity and relevance in our changing society.

Social Movement

· It refers to the conscious, collective, and organized attempt to effect or oppose a change in the social order through noninstitutionalized means.

Social Movement Organization

· It is created as a result of a social movement.

· It pursues particular social movement interests but only makes up a small portion of the larger social movement.

Examples of Social Movements

· Labor movement

· Environmental movement

· Feminist movement

· LGBTQIA+ movement

Four General Types of Social Movements

· Alternative social movement

· Redemptive social movement

· Reformative social movement

· Revolutionary social movement