THEOLOGY 11 FINAL REVIEW😈➕🔥➡️🙏

  1. Moral theology- the study of Christian moral principles, and has normative orientations. It answers the question “what should I do”
  2. Catholic Bioethics-The study of ethical questions arising from the development of the biological sciences. This study may be of two kinds, either resolving problems created by the rapid growth of the life sciences, or analyzing the prospects of new developments in ethical practice consistent with the Christian principles of morality.
  3. The 4 Cardinal Virtues: the Christian moral life hinges on these 4 virtues working together smoothly. They are practical and easy to relate to everyday life
  • 4. prudence- practical judgment; the right judgment about what must be done
  • 5. Justice- the virtue that reminds us that people with whom share our world have rights and that, as much as possible, all people deserve to have basic needs met
  • 6. Temperance- means courage (strength)
  • 7. Fortitude- refers to self control in general

8. Grace- a gift from the Holy Spirit, participation in God's Trinitarian life; the help God gives out our vocation

9. Morality- the way we live our lives as children of God in response to Jesus under the guidance of the Holy Spirit at work in the Catholic Church

10. Disciple- One who is learning or has learned. In the New Testament the word describes any follower of Jesus' teaching (Matthew 10:1). During his public ministry it referred as well to his twelve chosen aides, but in the Acts of the Apostles they are always referred to as Apostles (Acts 1:26). (Etym. Latin discipulus, pupil, follower.)

11. Natural Law- God's fatherly instruction that is written on the human heart ands accessed by human reason

12. The relationship between moral theology and science- Both pursue truth, but there is no scientific truth that can disprove the moral teachings of the church, completely compatible

  1. Magisterium-the living teaching office of the Church, whose task it is to give an authentic interpretation of the word of God, whether in its written form (Sacred Scripture) or in the form of Tradition.
  2. Three Sources of Morality: object, intention, and circumstance
  3. **Object-**is a good toward which the will deliberately directs itself. It is the matter of a human act. The object chosen morally specifies the act of the will, insofar as reason recognizes and judges it to be or not to be in conformity with the true good. Objective norms of morality express the rational order of good and evil, attested to by conscience
  4. Intention- resides in the acting subject. Because it lies at the

voluntary source of an action and determines it by its end, intention is an element essential to the moral evaluation of an action. The end is the first goal of the intention and indicates the purpose pursued in the action. The intention is a movement of the will toward the end: it is concerned with the goal of the activity.

  1. **Circumstances-**including the consequences, are secondary elements of a moral act. They contribute to increasing or diminishing the moral goodness or evil of human acts (for example, the amount of a theft). They can also diminish or increase the agent's responsibility (such as acting out of a fear of death). Circumstances of themselves cannot change the moral quality of acts themselves; they can make neither good nor right an action that is in itself evil.
  2. Reconciliation-an experience of reuniting and reconnecting with others including God.
  3. Sin- Sin is a deliberate transgression of a law of God, which identifies the four essentials of every sin. A law is involved, implying that there are physical laws that operate with necessity, and moral laws that can be disregarded by human beings. God is offended, so that the divine dimension is never absent from any sin. Sin is a transgression, since Catholicism holds that grace is resistible and the divine will can be disobeyed. And the transgression is deliberate, which means that a sin is committed whenever a person knows that something is contrary to the law of God and then freely does the action anyway.
  4. Euthanasia-Literally "easy death," the act or practice of putting people to death because they or others decide that continued life would be burdensome. Originally the term was used for "mercy killing," which meant administration of an easy, painless death to one who was suffering from an incurable and perhaps agonizing disability or disease.
  5. Theology of the Body-CATHOLIC SEXUAL ETHICS, Pope Saint John Paul II Wednesday talks about such topics that resulted in an assasination attempt on his life, theological reflection on the gift and beauty of the human body. Two major components: 1) unitive dimension- sexual intercourse, 2) procreative dimension- sexuality is for procreation. Both dimensions are respective of each other.
  6. Explain in detail Church teaching on homosexuality-It is not immoral to be homosexual but they are called to be chaste, activity is immoral because it is not open to the procreative dimension, the gift of human life.

23)Artificial Insemination-the procreative dimension is separated from the unitive

● Began as a way to improve breeding of cattle and other animals

● It involves a technique whereby the semen of a husband or other donor is placed in the vagina, cervical canal, or uterus by means OTHER THAN sexual intercourse

● In this procedure both fertilization of the egg and subsequent development take place entirely WITHIN the womb

  1. In vitro Fertilization-(IVF) - egg and sperm joined in a lab (outside the womb) with subsequent transfer of the fertilized egg into the uterus of the woman bearing the child (no unitive dimension)

Two types of IVF:

  • Homologous IVF-ET (involves husband and wife) E-T “embryo transfer”
  • Heterologous IVF-ET “can now be used instead of artificial insemination in instances when the husband is completely infertile or when the wife lacks ovaries or when there is a genetic incompatibility between the spouses”.
  1. Surrogate Motherhood -a woman who agrees to be artificially impregnated by a man married to another woman and to relinquish at birth legal custody of the child to the man and his wife

● A woman can carry another couple’s child until birth – serving as a “host womb”

● A surrogate mother may also donate her own egg for artificial insemination with the husband’s sperm (in this case she is considered the biological mother but intends to relinquish the child to the biological father and his wife at birth)

  1. Cloning - creating a plant, animal, or person asexually that is genetically identical with a donor plant, animal, or person. TWO VIOLATIONS 1) cloning lacks the unitive dimension 2)disrespects the dignity of the child.

● The first successful cloning of a mammal took place in 1997, the cloning of a sheep in Scotland (Dolly).

● After that event speculation began about whether or not we could or should clone humans

● “YES” we could but “NO” we shouldn’t

● “Catholic teaching rejects the cloning of humans…”

27)The meaning and purpose of human sexuality- the purpose of human sexuality is to engage in procreative and unitive acts as an exchange of love between man and woman

  1. Unitive and Procreative- the 2 purposes of sex

Procreative - Always being open to the possibility of human life

Unitive - Physical union represents the true sharing of life and love between two married people

  1. Moral Holiness-Also called ethical holiness, it consists in the practice of virtue. Although closely related to essential holiness, it is nevertheless not the same. It is a person's goodness manifested in action, as distinct from his or her goodness as a person in the state of divine friendship.
  2. Divine Revelation (Scripture and Tradition)-The four real relationships that exist among the persons in the Trinity. There is the relation of the Father to the Son as active generation or paternity; the relation of the Son to the Father as passive generation or filiation; the relation of the Father and the Son to the Holy Spirit as active spiration; and the relation of the Holy Spirit to the Father and the Son as passive spiration.

Although there are four real relationships within the Trinity, only three stand in contrast to one another and are therefore really distinct, namely the fatherhood, sonship, and the passive spiration. Active spiration stands in contrast only to passive spiration but not to the fatherhood and sonship. Consequently it is not really but only virtually distinct from the fatherhood and sonship. However, the relations in God are really identical with the divine nature.

  1. Infallibility-Infallibility means that something is without error. In the Church, infallibility refers to a charism (gift) possessed by the pope, as head of the college of bishops, and the bishops themselves, in union with the pope. It refers to the authority with which a teaching is proclaimed and affirms that the teaching office of the Church cannot error when it teaches infallibility in the area of faith and morals.
  2. Theological virtues:

faith, hope, and love the foundations of the Christian

moral life

● Similar to grace they are gifts, but they call for a response on our part

● By living faithfully, hopefully, and lovingly, we are reflecting and cooperating with God’s gifts of faith, hope and love

● The theological virtues are keys to our relationship with God, ourselves and others

  1. Faith

belief in God; the theological virtue of seeking to know and to do God’s will

● Faithful people seek to know and do God’s will

● God’s existence has moral implications for us

● Jesus is the model of faithfulness (trust)

● “Remove this cup from me; yet, not what I want, but what you want” (Mark 14: 36)

● Struggle, commitment, faithful even to death

● Fidelis usque ad mortem - Faithful even to death

  1. Hope

trusting in God, in everything that Christ has promised, and in the help of the Holy Spirit

● Hope is the virtue that responds to the human aspiration to happiness

● Hope sustains us during times of suffering and abandonment

● The Sermon on the Mount (“The Beatitudes”) (Matthew 5:1-11)

● Real hopes are those things to which we are willing to dedicate ourselves

● It implies activity in cooperation with God’s grace

● There is a link between HOPE and RESPONSIBILITY

  1. Love

the theological virtue representing the core of the Christian moral life. Love is the virtue that places concern for God, manifest especially through concern for others, above everything else.

● Read: 1 Cor 13:1-13

● “Antoinette & Doug (violates love)” & “Kathleen practices love”

● Like the other virtues love is not passive (“being loveable”) but requires sacrifice

● Love is an art not an exact science

● “The Art of Loving” by psychoanalyst Erich Fromm (5 characteristics):

● FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF LOVE: giving (sharing oneself with another), caring (concern for the life and the growth of another), responsibility (the readiness and the ability to respond to another), respect (taking time to see another as he or she truly is) and knowledge (knowing the inner core, not merely the outward appearance, of another)

● Love is the core Christian virtue and we need to keep this in mind, when addressing specific moral issues

● Moral laws are norms for love; moral principles are the principles of love; Sin is the failure to love; moral decision making is the process of practicing the art of loving

● CCC #’s 1822-1829

  1. Erroneous Conscience

when a person follows a process of conscientious decision making but unwittingly makes a wrong decision.

Erroneous Conscience is a judgment of the practical intellect that decides from false principles, erroneously considered as true, that something is lawful, which in fact is unlawful.

● “Yet it can happen that moral conscience remains in ignorance and makes erroneous judgments about acts to be performed or already committed” (CCC # 1790)

INVINCIBLY ERRONEOUS CONSCIENCE (in error through no fault of their

own)

VINCIBLY ERRONEOUS CONSCIENCE – (in error, it is their fault because they choose to NOT to be informed)

  1. Lax Conscience- when a person does not employ a process of conscientious decision making, thereby not facing or thinking about the morality of actions that he or she performs.

A lax conscience is a conscience that is ignored or underemployed or lazy.

A person with a lax conscience chooses not to face or to think about possible decisions that he or she has to make, thereby also making a judgment not to act upon the possible good.

38)Informed Conscience- a conscience that is educated and developed through constant

use and examination.

39)Scrupulous Conscience- a conscience that judges an action to be morally evil when in fact it is not, or a venial sin to be mortal.

40)Ordinary Means of Life Support (Proportionate)- medical procedures that offer sufficient or reasonable benefits without excessive or undue burdens to the patient or his or her family (necessary)

41)Extraordinary Means of Life Support (Disproportionate) - medical procedures that offer little hope of benefits or which cause undue or excessive burdens to the patient or his or her family (unnecessary)

  1. Therapeutic vs. Non-Therapeutic Genetic Engineering-THERAPEUTIC – directed toward healing a disorder, disease, or illness.

What is the difference between therapeutic and non-therapeutic medical procedures?

● A procedure is therapeutic when its aim is the healing of various maladies (illnesses or problems). Non-therapeutic procedures aim at the improvement of the human biological condition. Therapeutic procedures fall within the logic of the Catholic moral tradition; Non-therapeutic procedures do not.

  1. Explain the term “Happiness” as it relates to moral theology- happiness is the ultimate end of morality, human dignity (which is its measure), and conscience (which is its source)
  2. Why should a person want to live a good moral life?- it holds people responsible to being honest, credible, and to make fair decisions
  3. Explain the 7 Themes of Catholic Social Doctrine: - life and dignity of the human person, call to family communication and participation, rights and responsibilities, option for the poor and vulnerable, the dignity of work and the rights of workers, solidarity, care for Gods creation
  4. Life and Dignity of the Human Person- The Catholic Church proclaims that human life is sacred and that the dignity of the human person is the foundation of a moral vision for society. This belief is the foundation of all the principles of our social teaching. In our society, human life is under attack from abortion and euthanasia. The value of human life is being threatened by cloning, embryonic stem cell research, and the use of the death penalty.
  5. Call to Family, Community, and Participation- The person is not only sacred but also social. How we organize our society - in economics and politics, in law and policy - directly affects human dignity and the capacity of individuals to grow in community. Marriage and the family are the central social institutions that must be supported and strengthened, not undermined. We believe people have the right and a duty to participate in society, seeking together the common good and well-being of all, especially the poor and vulnerable.
  6. Rights and Responsibilities- The Catholic tradition teaches that human dignity can be protected and a healthy community can be achieved only if human rights are protected and responsibilities are met. Therefore, every person has a fundamental right to life and a right to those things required for human decency. Corresponding to these rights are duties and responsibilities - to one another, to our families, and to the larger society.
  7. Option for the Poor and Vulnerable-A basic moral test is how our most vulnerable members are faring. In a society marred by deepening divisions between rich and poor, our tradition recalls the story of the Last Judgment (Mt 25:31-46) and instructs us to put the needs of the poor and vulnerable first.
  8. The Dignity of Work and the Rights of Workers- The economy must serve people, not the other way around. Work is more than a way to make a living; it is a form of continuing participation in God’s creation. If the dignity of work is to be protected, then the basic rights of workers must be respected - the right to productive work, to decent and fair wages, to the organization and joining of unions, to private property, and to economic initiative.
  9. Solidarity- We are one human family whatever our national, racial, ethnic, economic, and ideological differences. We are our brothers and sisters keepers, wherever they may be. Loving our neighbor has global dimensions in a shrinking world. At the core of the virtue of solidarity is the pursuit of peace and justice. Pope Paul VI taught that if you want peace, work for justice. The Gospel calls us to be peacemakers. Our love for all our sisters and brothers demands that we promote peace in a world surrounded by violence and conflict.
  10. Care for God's Creation- We show our respect for the Creator by our stewardship of creation. Care for the earth is not just an Earth Day slogan, it is a requirement of our faith. We are called to protect people and the planet, living our faith in relationship with all of God’s creation. This environmental challenge has fundamental moral and ethical dimensions that cannot be ignored.
  11. **Virtue-**Habits of the heart; latin root (*Virtus)*meaning strength or power

Virtue – character strengths manifested on a consistent basis in decision making

● “A virtue is a habitual and firm disposition to do the good”. CCC # 1803

● Virtue(s) - positive patterns of behavior

  1. Vice-negative patterns of behavior that are harmful to one’s self or others
  2. Mortal Sin-an action so destructive that it mortally wounds our relationship with God; 67

mortal sin is a complete rejection of God. (See CCC # 1855)

● An injury to the soul that is “deadly”

HOW DO I KNOW IF I’M DEALING WITH A MORTAL SIN?

THREE (3) CONDITIONS FOR MORTAL SIN TO BE PRESENT

  1. GRAVE MATTER (10 Commandments) an object or circumstance having serious weight or importance
  2. Full KNOWLEDGE of the evil of the act
  3. Full (complete) CONSENT of the will (consent given so freely and

deliberately than an action becomes a personal choice

SIN OF OMISSION – not doing an action that is called for (not visiting someone in the hospital)

SIN OF COMMISSION – purposely doing an action that is harmful to oneself or another

  1. Venial Sin- an action that weakens our relationship with God

● An injury to the soul that is less serious (“sprained ankle”)

● Most of our sinful actions are not so serious that we would consider them mortal

● We perform small acts, which turn us away from God in small degrees

● Venial sin usually result from bad habits or laziness

● Each venial sin turns us a little more away from God

● If we don’t break these bad habits or turn back to God we could find ourselves turned completely away from God (in a state of mortal sin)

  1. Sin of Omission -not doing an action that is called for (not visiting someone in the hospital)
  2. Sin of Commission– purposely doing an action that is harmful to oneself or another
  3. Concupiscence-Human appetites or desires which remain disordered due to original sin, which remain even after Baptism, and which produce an inclination to sin.
  4. Chastity-The virtue that moderates the desire for sexual pleasure according to the principles of faith and right reason. In married people, chastity moderates the desire in conformity with their state of life; in unmarried people who wish to marry, the desire is

moderated by abstention until (or unless) they get married; in those who resolve not to marry, the desire is sacrificed entirely. (Etym. Latin castus, morally pure, unstained.)

  1. Celibacy-The virtue that moderates the desire for sexual pleasure according to the principles of faith and right reason. In married people, chastity moderates the desire in conformity with their state of life; in unmarried people who wish to marry, the desire is moderated by abstention until (or unless) they get married; in those who resolve not to marry, the desire is sacrificed entirely. (Etym. Latin castus, morally pure, unstained.)

65)Sexual Integrity- A state achieved by chastity and purity in this state there is nothing that divides you. Your inner and outer lives are united in respecting God’s gift of sexuality.

66)Purity of Heart- The beatitude that enables us to see the human body as a manifestation of God’s beauty

67)Mutual Complementarity of Feminity and Masculinity- Found in the Bible and the real world, seen as complementarity in marriage. Stands in sharp contrast to the idea that the sexes are in disagreement or at war with each other. Like in the marital act.

68)Why contraceptives are unethical- it makes immoral behaviour less risky. it undermines public morality by making it more likely that people will have sex outside marriage. it weakens the family

  1. **How is Natural Family Planning different from contraception?-**no neg side effects, only 4 days out of a women’s cycle they have more of a chance of getting pregnant. NOT THE RHYTHM METHOD which was not effective. This method is v/ effective
  2. -----
  3. **What are the Precepts of the Church?-**The precepts of the Church are duties that the Catholic Church requires of all the faithful. Also called the commandments of the Church, they are binding under pain of mortal sin, but the point is not to punish.
  4. **Tithing-**giving 10 percent of your annual earnings, productions, or possessions. In the Old Testament, we observe Abraham and Jacob offering a tithe to God in Genesis 14 and 28. The Israelites were also commanded to tithe from what they earned (Lev. 27:30; Num. 18:25–28; Deut.
  5. **List the Corporal Works of Mercy-**to feed the hungry, to give drink to the thirsty, to clothe the naked, to give shelter to travellers, to visit the sick, to visit the imprisoned, and to bury the dead
  6. List the Spiritual Works of Mercy-feeding the hungry, visiting the imprisoned, burying the dead, clothing the naked, caring for the sick, giving shelter to travelers, and offering drink to the thirsty.
  7. Why is pornography immoral?- It objectifies the individual and contrary to popular belief shows too little of the person and who they are as a person of Gods creation aside from the physical.
  8. Define the word freedom from a Catholic perspective?

FREEDOM OF INDIFFERENCE – the power to choose between contraries, usually between good and evil. Freedom of Indifference limits the role of freedom to the ability to choose between a virtuous act and a sinful one.

FREEDOM FOR EXCELLENCE – the power to act freely in the pursuit of human perfection and everlasting joy. Exercising Freedom for Excellence as a gift consists in the capacity to choose to love God and others, and with the grace of God, becoming holy. Recognizes that the choice of evil is a lack of freedom.

  1. **Culpability-**the degree to which people are responsible for their actions

Themes of self-betrayal and self-forgiveness are common. These themes reflect a culture in which one no longer sins against God, natural law, moral order, society or even another person… but against oneself

  1. **What are intrinsically evil acts?**Intrinsic evil refers to those actions that are always evil regardless of motivation or circumstances.
  2. Why did Pope Saint John Paul II write his encyclical letter Veritatis Splendor The Splendor of Truth in 1993? - The specific purpose of the present Encyclical is this: to set forth, with regard to the problems being discussed, the principles of a moral teaching based upon Sacred Scripture and the living Apostolic Tradition,12 and at the same time to shed light on the presuppositions and consequences of the dissent which that teaching has met.
  3. Can an immoral act be done if some good outcome is the result? Why or why not? - The deontological approach says that consequences are important to consider but they are not the only thing. The “path” to the consequences should be taken into account also; some kinds of act are just wrong regardless of whether they bring about the greatest amount of happiness overall.
  4. Define the term “grace”. Is grace necessary to live the ethical requirement of the Gospels? - Grace means simple elegance or refinement of movement. It is not a rote obedience to a law code. It is a behavior of supernatural love, joy, and peace demonstrated and bestowed by Christ and empowered by the Holy Spirit living in us.
  5. Explain the Principle of Double Effect? What are the conditions of the Principle of Double Effect? - The doctrine (or principle) of double effect is often invoked to explain the permissibility of an action that causes a serious harm, such as the death of a human being, as a side effect of promoting some good end. The conditions of the principle of double effect are: 1) The act-in-itself cannot be morally wrong or intrinsically evil. 2) The bad effect cannot cause the good effect. 3) The agent cannot intend the bad effect. 4) The bad effect cannot outweigh the good effect; there is a proportionate reason to tolerate the bad effect.
  6. **What are the three conditions for Mortal Sin to be present? Explain each one.**THREE (3) CONDITIONS FOR MORTAL SIN TO BE PRESENT
  7. GRAVE MATTER (10 Commandments) an object or circumstance having serious weight or importance
  8. Full KNOWLEDGE of the evil of the act
  9. Full (complete) CONSENT of the will (consent given so freely and

deliberately than an action becomes a personal choice

  1. What are the virtues that oppose each one of the deadly sins (Capital Sins) below?

Pride - humility

Greed - generosity

Envy - charity

Anger (Wrath) - patience

Lust - chastity

Gluttony - temperance

Sloth- diligence

  1. Eschatology- from the Greek word eschaton, meaning “last”. Eschatology refers to the area of Christian faith which is concerned about “the last things,” and the coming of Jesus on “the last day”: our human destiny, death, judgment, resurrection of the body, heaven, purgatory, and hell – all of which are contained in the final articles of the Creed. (See CCC # 1001, 1020-1050; 2771)
  2. Hell - the state of definitive self-exclusion from communion with God and the blessed, reserved for those who refuse by their own free choice to believe and he converted from sin, even to the end of their lives
  3. Heaven - eternal life with God; communion of life and love with the Trinity and all the blessed
  4. Purgatory - a state of final purification after death and before entrance into heaven for those who died in Gods friendship, but were only
  5. Explain the meaning of the story of the Prodigal Son (Parable of the Lost Son) The story of the prodigal son is a picture of God's love for us as His children. God's love for us does not depend on our faithfulness; it is unconditional. He loved us while we were still sinners. Though we are demanding and do not remain faithful, God is still our faithful and loving Father.
  6. Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist Body, Blood, Soul and Divinity.
  7. Objective Morality The idea that right and wrong exist factually, without any importance of opinion. It's the concept that some actions and beliefs are imperatively good or inherently bad, and that the goodness or badness of those things holds true no matter who you are or what else you believe in.
  8. Subjective Morality - are human-made and can vary from person to person. While there are strong morals in many humans, such as rules against harming others, many morals are subjective, such as making eye contact to show trustworthiness.
  9. **Catechism of the Catholic Church-**About 20 years after Vatican Council II many bishops petitioned the pope that he begin a process of compiling a catechism that would serve as the primary teaching document for the universal Church. In 1994, _____________appeared in English and quickly became a bestseller. It is a document that contains official Catholic teaching. It is meant to guide Church leaders and teachers as they try to instruct the members of their community on issues of faith and morality.
  10. What is the Particular Judgement?-The soul is judged immediately upon death

● The term judgment in Scripture is related to faith in God’s mercy. Judgment is ‘something’ that happens to us not from outside. In God’s presence, our true reality becomes fully clear.

  1. What is the General Judgement?- aka LAST JUDGMENT

The body reunited in a glorified form with our souls – “rapture” is for those still living when Christ returns. They will be judged and go eternally with God, “raptured” into heaven, or sent to hell.

  1. **What is Church teaching on self-defense? -**The 5th commandment’s condemnation of murder does not cancel out our right to self-defense. In defending ourselves, we have the right to incapacitate an aggressor, even if that includes delivering a lethal blow. “The act of self defense can have a double effect: the preservation of one’s own life; and the killing of the aggressor… The one is intended, the other is not” (St. Thomas Aquinas).
  2. Explain Church teaching on Just War.– a set of principles, first proposed in the 4th century, outlining conditions when the use of violence would be acceptable.

SEVEN PRINCIPLES OF THE JUST WAR THEORY

  1. Just Cause
  2. Comparative Justice
  3. Competent authority
  4. Right Intention
  5. Probability of Success
  6. Last Resort in order to prevent an even greater evil

Proportionality - response must be commensurate to the evil

100) Explain Fundamental Option Theory.-- A theory of morals that each person gradually develops in a basic orientation of his or her life, either for or against God. This fundamental direction is said to be for God if one’s life is fundamentally devoted to the love and service of others, and against God if one’s life is essentially devoted to self-love and self-service.

\