SuperQuiz2 Flashcards

Chapter 10: Cytoskeleton & Cell Structures

Flashcard 1 Front: What are the three main elements (fibers) of the cytoskeleton? Back: Microfilaments (Actin), Intermediate Filaments, Microtubules.

Flashcard 2 Front: Microfilaments: Monomers, Dynamics, Motor Protein, and Function? Back: Actin monomers, Dynamic, Myosin, Muscle contraction/movement.

Flashcard 3 Front: What is the motor protein associated with microfilaments and what movement does it facilitate? Back: Myosin; Muscle contraction.

Flashcard 4 Front: What protein are microtubules made of? Back: Tubulin.

Flashcard 5 Front: What proteins are associated with each cytoskeleton element? Back: Microfilaments: Actin, Myosin; Intermediate Filaments: Various proteins like keratin; Microtubules: Tubulin, Kinesin, Dynein.

Cell Junction Flashcards

Flashcard 6 Front: What are the types of cell junctions and their functions? Back: Tight Junctions: Seal spaces between cells, prevent leakage; Adherens Junctions: Connect actin cytoskeletons via cadherins; Desmosomes: Provide mechanical strength, link intermediate filaments; Gap Junctions: Allow communication via ion and molecule passage.

Flashcard 7 Front: What are Cadherins? Back: Cell adhesion molecules, responsible for cell sorting in tissues.

Flashcard 8 Front: Why do cells of the same tissue type sort themselves out when mixed with cells from another tissue? Back: Due to specific cadherins on their surface that promote adhesion to cells of the same type.

Extracellular Layer Flashcards

Flashcard 9 Front: What are the layers that make up the extracellular layer of plants? Back: Primary Cell Wall: Flexible, composed of cellulose; Secondary Cell Wall: More rigid, contains lignin; Middle Lamella: Pectin-rich, glues cells together.

Flashcard 10 Front: What are the major components of the animal cell extracellular matrix? Back: Collagen, Proteoglycans, Fibronectin, Laminin.

Flashcard 11 Front: Basal Lamina: What is it and what does it support? Back: A specialized extracellular matrix that supports epithelial and endothelial cell layers.

Flashcard 12 Front: Describe the structure of collagen. Back: A strong, fibrous protein with a triple helix structure.

Chapter 6: Energy and Enzymes

Metabolic Processes Flashcards

Flashcard 13 Front: Define Anabolic. Back: Metabolic pathways that consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones.

Flashcard 14 Front: Define Catabolic. Back: Metabolic pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.

Enzyme Flashcards

Flashcard 15 Front: What is the general function of enzymes? Back: Biological catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

Flashcard 16 Front: What binds to the active site of an enzyme? Back: Substrate.

Flashcard 17 Front: What type of biomolecule are most enzymes? Back: Proteins.

Flashcard 18 Front: What is activation energy? Back: The energy required to reach the transition state of a reaction.

Flashcard 19 Front: What is a cofactor? Back: A non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity as a catalyst.

Flashcard 20 Front: How does pH and temperature affect an enzyme? Back: Enzymes have optimal pH and temperature ranges for activity; outside these ranges, activity decreases.

Flashcard 21 Front: How do enzymes physically work with the substrate? Back: The enzyme's active site binds to the substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.

Flashcard 22 Front: How do amino acid side chains (R-groups) in the active site affect substrate binding? Back: R-groups can interact with the substrate through various chemical bonds, influencing binding specificity and catalysis.

Energy and Reactions Flashcards

Flashcard 23 Front: How can exergonic reactions drive endergonic reactions? Back: Through energetic coupling, where the energy released by an exergonic reaction is used to power an endergonic reaction.

Flashcard 24 Front: How does change in free energy relate to energetically coupled reactions? Back: The overall change in free energy for the coupled reaction must be negative for the reaction to be spontaneous.