Chapter 11

Family History & Disease Risk: Understanding how family history can indicate predispositions to certain diseases.
DNA Testing Uses: Explores appropriate applications of DNA testing, potential for genetic discrimination.
Genetic Engineering & Controversy: Defines genetic engineering, discusses cloning and stem cell research as contentious topics.
Infertility Remedies: Identifies three potential solutions for couples facing infertility issues.
Children's Rights in Healthcare: Lists relevant laws impacting health care related to children's rights.

Heredity: The process by which organisms transmit genetic traits to their offspring.
Genetics: The study of variations among organisms due to genetic inheritance.

DNA: A sequence of nucleotides forming the genetic blueprint of an organism.
Gene: A segment of DNA located on a chromosome that encodes a specific trait.
Chromosomes: Structures within the nucleus of cells that hold genetic material.
Genome: The complete set of genetic information in an organism, encompassing all genes.

Overview: A comprehensive initiative initiated in 1990 and concluded in 2000 to map all human genes.

Newborn Screening: Early detection of genetic conditions.
Diagnostic Testing: Identifying conditions that may have already developed.
Carrier Testing: Determining if an individual carries a gene for a recessive genetic disorder.
Prenatal Testing: Assessing fetal health and conditions during pregnancy.
Preimplantation Testing: Screening embryos for genetic conditions before implantation.
Predictive Testing: Assessing risk of developing genetic disorders later in life.
Forensic Testing: Utilizing DNA for criminal investigations.

Definition: Genetic diseases result from permanent mutations in the DNA, affecting functioning genes or altering chromosome structure/number.
Genetic Counselor Role: Professionals who help interpret genetic testing results and navigate related issues.

Definition: Unequal treatment based on genetic differences, comprising actual or presumed distinctions.
Protective Laws:
- HIPAA: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.
- ADA: Americans with Disabilities Act.
- GINA: Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act.
- ACA: Affordable Care Act.

Definition: The process of manipulating genetic material in organisms to eliminate harmful traits and promote favorable ones.
Controversies: Concerns regarding unpredictable outcomes of genetic modifications.

Definition: Creating an exact genetic duplicate of a cell, tissue, or organism.
Types of Cloning:
- Gene Cloning: Isolating and making copies of specific genes.
- Therapeutic Cloning: Producing tissues or organs from cloned cells.
- Reproductive Cloning: Creating an organism fully.
- Xenotransplantation: Transplanting animal organs into humans.
Objections: High failure rates, health issues in clones, and unknown effects on mental development.

Definition: Introducing a healthy gene into cells deficient in functioning genes to treat diseases.
Applications:
- Replace deficiencies in genes.
- Insert normal genes.
- Disable harmful genes.

Definition: Inability to conceive after 12 months of trying due to disruptions in reproductive systems.

In Vitro Fertilization: Fertilization occurring outside the body.
Artificial Insemination: Introducing sperm directly into the reproductive tract.
Surrogacy: Having another woman carry a child to term for the couple.

Parens Patriae: Doctrine giving the state the authority to intervene in the child's best interest.
Best Interest of the Child: Principle prioritizing the child's welfare in legal decisions.
Newborn Rights: Newborns hold the same rights as other citizens.

Safe Haven Laws: Allow mothers to leave infants in approved facilities without facing legal penalties.