PSA 1

Vocabulary-matching sections
First three objectives for each chapter
Purpose: Prepare for recitations and quizzes.
Submission: One hour before designated weekly recitation time via Canvas.
Textbook Reference: All answers found in the textbook, even unlectured sections.

Behavior Types:
- Innate Behavior: Instinctual actions independent of experience.
- Learned Behavior: Actions gained from experience or environment.
- Motor Programs: Set sequences of actions performed without conscious thought.
- Kinetic Behavior: Movement in response to stimulus.
- Taxis: Directed movement toward or away from a stimulus.
- Reflexes: Automatic responses to specific stimuli.
Learning Mechanisms:
- Habituation: Decreased response to repeated stimuli.
- Imprinting: Learning that occurs at a specific life stage.
- Classical Conditioning: Learning through association.
- Operant Conditioning: Learning through rewards or punishments.
- Trial and Error: Problem-solving through attempts and mistakes.
- Predator-Prey Interactions: Influence behavior through survival strategies.
- Cognition: Higher-level processing affecting behavior.
Behavioral Patterns:
- Circadian: Daily rhythms based on 24-hour cycles.
- Lunar: Cycles based on lunar phases.
- Cirannual: Annual cycles affecting behaviors (e.g., migration).
- Diurnal: Active during day.
- Nocturnal: Active during night.
- Crepuscular: Active during dawn and dusk.
- Biological Clocks: Internal mechanisms regulating behavior.

Genetics and Learning:
- Experimental demonstrations showing the interplay between genetics and learned behavior.
Cognition Examples in Animals:
- Instances of tool use and problem solving.
Migration and Navigation:
- Definitions and distinctions between migration (seasonal movement) and navigation (movement based on environmental cues).
Foraging Behavior and Communication:
- Types of foraging behavior and strategies.
- Concepts of communication among animals, dominance hierarchies, range, and territoriality.
Mating Systems:
- Courtship Rituals: Behavioral displays during mating.
- Mating Systems:
  - Polygyny: One male mating with multiple females.
  - Polyandry: One female mating with multiple males.
  - Monogamy: One male with one female.
  - Promiscuous: Multiple partners without strong pair bonds.

Population Features:
- Population Density: Number of individuals per unit area.
- Population Dispersion: Spatial distribution (clumped, uniform, random).
- Life Cycle Factors: Relation of birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration.
- Intrinsic Growth (rmax): Max potential growth rate in optimal conditions.
- Carrying Capacity (K): Maximum sustainable population size.
- Logistic Growth: Population growth that levels off as resources become limited.
Population Strategies:
- r-Selected: Fast growth, high offspring quantity, low survival.
- K-Selected: Slower growth, fewer offspring, higher survival rates.
- Survivorship Curves: Graphical representation of survival likelihoods.
Population Factors:
- Distingish between density-dependent factors (affected by population size) and density-independent factors (environmental impacts).
- Competition and Predation: Interactions affecting population dynamics.
Human Fertility Rates:
- Importance and implications for population growth trends.
- Diagrams illustrating growing, stable, and declining populations.
Levels of Biological Organization:
- Names and descriptions from individual to ecosystem levels.

Niche Concepts:
- Ecological Niche: Role and position of a species in its environment.
- Fundamental Niche: Potential habitat and resources of a species.
- Realized Niche: Actual conditions and resources used by a species.
- Competitive Exclusion Principle: One species outcompetes another for resources.
Species Interactions:
- Effects of resource partitioning and character displacement.
- Predation and Coevolution: Dynamics shaping predator-prey relationships.
- Predator-Prey Strategies: Feeding and defense adaptations (chemical, coloration, ambush tactics, camouflage, mimicry types).
Symbiotic Relationships:
- Types of interactions:
  - Mutualism: Both species benefit.
  - Commensalism: One benefits, the other is unaffected.
  - Parasitism: One benefits at the other's expense.
Community Succession:
- Primary Succession: Development of an ecosystem from barren rock.
- Secondary Succession: Regrowth after disturbances.
- Pioneer Community: First organisms post-disturbance.
- Climax Community: Stable, mature community.
Species Types:
- Dominant Species: Most abundant in a community.
- Keystone Species: Crucial for maintaining ecological balance.
- Naïve Species: Not adapted to certain predators or competitive pressures.
- Exotic Species: Non-native species introduced to a new habitat.
- Indicator Species: Sensitive to environmental changes, signaling ecosystem health.

Food Chains and Food Webs:
- Energy flow through ecosystems via food webs.
- Types of consumers (primary, secondary, tertiary).
Ecological Pyramids:
- Pyramid of Numbers: Count of organisms at each trophic level.
- Pyramid of Biomass: Total mass of living organisms.
- Pyramid of Energy: Energy available at each trophic level.
- Differences across biomes.
Toxin Dynamics in Ecosystems:
- Persistence: Length of time a substance remains in the environment.
- Bioaccumulation: Increasing concentration of substances in organisms over time.
- Biological Magnification: Increased concentration of toxins as they move up trophic levels.