Personality

Personality Key Terms 2020

Psychoterminology: Personality

Orange Book: 595-637

Red Book: 479-521

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic -

Sigmund Freud

Unconscious

Tripartite Theory

   - Id/Pleasure Principle

   - Ego/ Reality Principle

   - Superego/Morality Principle

Defense Mechanisms

   - Repression

   - Regression

   - Rationalization

   - Denial

   - Reaction Formation

   - Displacement

   - Projection

   - Sublimation

Stages of Psychosexual Development (Review from 1st Semester)

   - Oral (0-2)

   - Anal (2-4)

   - Phallic (4-6)

   - Latency (6-Puberty)

   - Genital

Fixations

Oedipal Complex

Electra Complex

Penis Envy

Free Association

Freudian Slip

Carl Jung

Collective Unconscious

Archetypes

Alfred Adler

Striving For Superiority

Inferiority Complex

Compensation

Karen Horney

Basic Anxiety

Womb Envy

Erik Erikson

Stages of Psychosocial Development

Behaviorism

Ivan Pavlov

John B. Watson

B.F. Skinner

Edward Thorndike

Tabula Rasa

Observable behavior

Associative Learning

Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Reinforcement vs. Punishment

Humanism

Abraham Maslow

Hierarchy of Needs

Self-Actualization

Tendencies toward Growth

Humans Are Unique

Humans Are Good

Carl Rogers

Ideal vs. Real Self

Conditions of Worth

Unconditional Positive Regard

Congruence

Cognitive

Aaron Beck

George Kelly

Personal Constructs/Schemas

Julian Rotter

Learned Helplessness

Explanatory Style

  • Internal Locus of Control

  • External Locus of Control

  • Specific vs. Global View

  • Temporal vs. Permanent View

Social learning Theory

Albert Bandura

Bobo Doll Experiment

Modeling

Psychobiological

Heredity

Nervous System

Chemical Imbalances

Maturation

William Sheldon

Somatotypes

   - Endomorph

   - Mesomorph

   - Ectomorph

Multicultural

Individualist vs. Collectivist Society

Trait Theory

Hans Eysenck

Gordon Allport

Raymond Cattell

“Big Five” OCEAN

  • Openness

  • Conscientiousness

  • Extroversion

  • Agreeableness

  • Neuroticism

   


Personality: Individual differences in patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.


Psychoanalysis Origins-Review

  • Freud

    • Conscious and unconscious on personality

    • Freud stressed early childhood events in shaping personality


Tripartite Theory

3 levels of Unconscious

  • Id - basic needs and drives

  • Supergo - Origin of “morals.” Strives for perfection.

  • Ego - balances Id/Superego impulses


Defense Mechanisms

  • When ego senses balance is not being kept it develops anxiety.

  • To ease anxiety, the ego creates Defense Mechanisms.

  • Ways to ease or redirect anxiety.


Defense Mechanisms to Know

Regression - dealing with stress by acting in an immature way or returning to an earlier stage of development

Repression - unconscious exclusion of memories, thoughts, or feelings

Projection - projecting undesirable feelings or emotions onto someone else

Denial - refusing to acknowledge facts or opinions (that are happening right now)

Rationalization - logical reasoning to justify behaviors

Sublimation - channeling unwanted or unacceptable urges into an admissible or productive outlet


Freudian Methods

  • Slips of the Tongue

  • Free Association

  • Dream Analysis 

  • Projective Tests **

    • Rorschach Ink Blots


Carl Jung

  • Jungian Psychology

  • Similar to Freud - Believed in power of the unconscious 

  • Different from Freud - Emphasis on spiritual, not sexual drives. Also creation of collective unconscious 


Jungian Psychology

  • Collective Unconscious - Universal themes (archetypes) held by all humans throughout time.


Karen Horney

  • Created a more feminist psychoanalyst approach

  • Different from Freud - On outlook on women & social vs. sexual factors


Horney’s Approach

  • Womb Envy -  Male dominance stems from envy of ability to give birth

  • Basic Anxiety - We are all born with Fear of being alone, helplessness or abandonment


Alfred Alder

  • Adlerian Psychology

  • Different from Freud - Alder believed there was only one drive, striving for perfection


Adlerian Psychology

-Compensation - An attempt to overcome inferiority

-Inferiority Complex - Inability to overcome feelings of inferiority



Basic Behavioral Beliefs

  • Humans are born as a blank slate

  • Everything (including personality) is learned through experience

  • Emphasis on observable behavior only


Basic Humanist Beliefs 

  • Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

  • All humans are good.

  • Individuals are unique.

  • Everyone moves towards growth.

  • Problems arise when needs are not met.

  • We strive to reach self-actualization

  • Unconditional Positive Regard: Carl Rogers-the basic acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does


Multicultural Approach: Individualism vs. Collectivism 

  1. Independent/individual achievement                   1. Interdependent/group success


  1. Promoting self expression, individual             

thinking, personal experience

2. Promoting adherence to norms,  respect for authority/elders, group consensus 


Cognitive Beliefs

  • Thinking shapes behavior.

  •  - Emphasis on processing & categorization of info.

    • What meaning do we place on things?

    • Schemas – mental constructs used to organize the world.

  • George Kelly – Behavior is a result of our Personal Constructs


Locus of Control and Explanatory Style

  • Our perception of our level of control in the world will change our attitudes & behavior.

    • Internal Locus of Control (me) vs. External Locus of Control (not me)

      • Learned Helplessness

    • Specific (this case) vs. Global (all cases)

    • Temporal (for now) vs. Permanent (for good)



Social Learning Theory

—Albert Bandura

—Bobo Doll experiment

—We learn by watching others = modeling

  • Reciprocal Determinism

  • Mixes Cognitive, Behavioral and Cultural.



Biological Theories

  • Sociobiological theory – Also known as evolutionary

    • Humans are motivated to ensure the next generation of the species.

    • Behavior is a result of us trying to spread and preserve our presence in the gene pool.

    • Weak behaviors/traits are lost.

    • Charles Darwin

*REMEMBER THE READING FROM HW

What personality traits would have helped our ancestors survive the Savanna? 

Somatotypes - William Sheldon’s Somatotypes – Body type determines behavior. 


Trait Theory

  • Descriptive in nature

  • Does not account for situational factors of behavior

  • Uses factor analysis to determine that particular traits correlate with one another


Early Trait Theory

  • Gordon Allport

    • Founded trait theory

  • Eysenck 

    • Extroversion vs. introversion

    • Stable vs. unstable.

  • Raymond Cattell

    • 16PF Test – First personality test.


Big Five Traits (OCEAN)

  • Openness – Creativity (divergent thought)

  • Conscientiousness – Orderly, rule abiding

  • Extroversion – Outgoing, energy from others

  • Agreeableness - Selflessness

  • Neuroticism – Instability (emotional and otherwise)