Comprehensive Functional Grammar Guide: Simple Present and Simple Future Tenses

Simple Present Definition

Date: Tuesday, 02 June 2026
Core Definition: The Simple Present Tense is used to express actions that occur on a regular or habitual basis. It is also utilized to express facts or states that are true in the present time.

Main Verb Form:
- Base Form ( $V_1$ ) for standard subjects ( $I$ , $we$ , $you$ , $they$ , and plural nouns).
- Base Form with suffix ( $V_1 + \text{s/es}$ ) when the subject is third-person singular ( $he$ , $she$ , $it$ , or a singular noun).
Auxiliary Verbs:
- $do$ / $does$ (used exclusively for negative and interrogative sentence constructions).
Urdu Identification Markers:
- Sentence endings: ات ےہ (ta hai), یت ےہ (ti hai), ےت ںیہ (te hain).
Sentence Structures & Examples:
- Affirmative Sentence:
- English: She lives in Australia.
- Urdu: وہ آسٹریلیا میں رہتی ہے۔
- Negative Sentence:
- English: They do not play cricket.
- Urdu: وہ کرکٹ نہیں کھیلتے ہیں۔
- Interrogative Sentence:
- English: Does she go for a daily walk?
- Urdu: کیا وہ روزانہ لہچ دقیم کے لیے جاتی ہے۔
- Wh- Question Sentence:
- English: Who cooks delicious meal?
- Urdu: کون لذیذ کھانا پکاتا ہے؟

Key Time Expressions:
- always
- rarely
- often
- normally
- never
- usually
- sometimes
- generally
- Mondays
- everyday
Primary Rules of Usage:
- With Adverbs of Repeated Time:
- Example: She always makes her bed herself.
- To State Facts, Universal Truths, or Proverbs:
- Example (Fact): Tea without sugar helps reduce weight.
- Example (Universal Truth): The moon orbits the earth.
- Example (Proverb): Unity is strength.
- With Future Plans or Timetables:
- Example: Lunch is at 1 pm. Be on time.
- Example: The train to Lahore departs at 10 pm.

Exercise 1: Oral Practice — Fill in the blanks with the correct Present Simple form:
1. My mother ______ (cook) dinner every evening.
2. ________ your brother ____ (play) cricket on Sundays?
3. They _____ (live) in Lahore, but they __ (work) in Karachi.
4. _____ he ____ (take) the bus to college?
Exercise 2: Written Practice (In PF) — Do as Directed:
1. We visited our grandparents last Sunday. (Change into Simple Present)
2. Ali writes diary every night. (Change into Negative sentence)
3. Farmers grow wheat and rice in our village. (Change into Wh-question)
4. Translate the following into Urdu or English as appropriate:
- Interrogative Sentence: Do you offer prayer every day?
- Urdu Sentence: میں دن میں دو بار دانت صاف کرتا/کرتی ہوں۔

Date: Wednesday, 03 June 2026
Core Concept: Simple Future Tense is used to express actions, decisions, predictions, or promises regarding events that have not yet occurred.

Grammatical Formulae:
- Affirmative Sentence: $\text{Subject} + \text{shall / will} + V_1 + \text{Object}$
- Negative Sentence: $\text{Subject} + \text{shall not / will not} + V_1 + \text{Object}$
- Interrogative Sentence: $\text{Shall / Will} + \text{Subject} + V_1 + \text{Object}?$
- Wh- Question Sentence: $\text{Wh-word} + \text{shall / will} + \text{Subject} + V_1 + \text{Object}?$
Urdu Identification Markers:
- Sentence endings: گا (ga), گی (gi), گے (ge).
Sentence Variations & Examples:
- Affirmative: Sara will write a new poem tomorrow. (سارہ کل ایک نئی نظم لکھے گی۔)
- Negative: Sara will not write a new poem tomorrow.
- Interrogative: Will Sara write a new poem tomorrow?
- Negative Interrogative: Will Sara not write a new poem tomorrow? / Won’t Sara write a new poem tomorrow?
- Wh- Questions:
- When will Sara write a new poem?
- Who will write a new poem tomorrow?
- What will Sara write tomorrow?

Simple Future Usage Rules

Key Time Expressions:
- tomorrow, today, tonight, someday, soon, in an hour
- in + future time frame (week/month/year)
- on + coming day (future day)
- next + time frame (week/month/year, name of day)
- duration + from now (e.g., two days / weeks / months from now)
- this + time frame (week/month/year)
Primary Rules of Usage:
- To Make Future Actions:
- Example: Ali will open a new shop next week.
- To Make Future Assumptions (using expressions such as I think, probably, perhaps, etc.):
- Example: I think, Ali will go with us on the trip.
- For Promises and Intentions:
- Example: I promise, I shall never let you down.
- Example: We shall wait for you till tomorrow.

Using $\text{will} + V_1$ :
- Instant / Spontaneous Decisions: Decisions made at the moment of speaking.
- Example: Your phone fell! I will pick it up for you.
- Predictions Without Signs: Predictions based purely on personal opinion or belief without immediate evidence.
- Example: She will change her mind after the meeting.
Using $\text{be going to} + V_1$ :
- Prior Plans / Decided Things: Pre-planned actions or decisions made prior to the time of speaking.
- Example: She is going to start a new job next Monday. She has already signed the contract.
- Predictions Based on Present Situation / Signs / Evidence: Predictions where current observable evidence indicates an immediate future occurrence.
- Example: Look! Those boys are going to fight. They are clenching their fists.

Exercise Zone: Written Practice (In PF) — Do as Directed:
1. The students are not submitting their assignments on time. (Convert to Simple Future Tense)
2. The company will change its policy next month. (Convert to Negative-Interrogative sentence)
3. The doctor will announce the test results tomorrow. (Convert to Wh-question)
4. Translate into Urdu: "Who will lead the new project?"
5. Fill in the blank with will or be going to: My cousin _____ (join) the army after graduation.
6. Fill in the blank with will or be going to: She _______ (buy) a new laptop next week. She has already saved money.