Key Terms and People: Chapters 27, 28, 29

Key Terms Ch 27

  • Social Gospel: Reform movement by Protestant ministers advocating improved conditions for the urban poor.

  • Muckrakers: Journalists revealing corporate corruption.

  • Initiative: Voters propose legislation directly.

  • Referendum: Voters approve/reject laws via ballot measures.

  • Recall: Mechanism to remove elected officials.

  • Australian Ballot: Secret ballot system.

  • Muller v. Oregon (1908): Upheld laws protecting women workers.

  • Lochner v. New York: Struck down law limiting bakers' workday.

  • Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire: Deadly industrial fire killing 146 garment workers.

  • Elkins Act: Strengthened Interstate Commerce Act, penalized railroads for rebates.

  • Meat Inspection Act: Federal inspection of meat products.

  • Pure Food and Drug Act: Regulation of consumer products to prevent false advertising.

  • Newlands Reclamation Act: Irrigation projects for western lands.

  • Hetch Hetchy Valley: San Francisco built a dam in 1913, setback for preservationists.

  • Panic of 1907: Financial crisis with NYSE dropping 50%.

  • Brownsville Affair: Racial discrimination against Black soldiers in 1906.

  • Dollar Diplomacy: Taft's policy using economic influence for control.

  • Payne-Aldrich Bill: Tariff that largely failed to lower rates.

  • New Nationalism: Prioritizing national interest and unity.

  • New Freedom: Woodrow Wilson’s economic reform agenda.

People to Know Ch. 27

  • Ida Tarbell: Muckraker known for investigative journalism.

  • Henry Demarest Lloyd: Critic of Standard Oil Company.

  • Thorstein Veblen: Economist, "The Theory of the Leisure Class."

  • Eugene Debs: Socialist leader and presidential candidate.

  • Jacob A. Riis: Exposed living conditions through photography.

  • Robert M. La Follette: Progressive Governor fighting corporate control.

  • Hiram W. Johnson: Progressive Governor of California; isolationist Senator.

  • Florence Kelley: Women's and labor rights advocate.

  • Frances E. Willard: Advocated for prohibition of alcohol.

  • Gifford Pinchot: Conservationist, sustainable use of resources.

  • John Muir: Conservationist, protected natural areas.

  • Herbert Croly: Editor and political philosopher.

Key Terms Ch. 28

  • Underwood Tariff: Reduced tariff rates, introduced income tax.

  • Federal Reserve Act: Established Federal Reserve System.

  • Federal Trade Commission Act: Investigated illegal business practices.

  • Clayton Anti-Trust Act: Strengthened anti-trust protections for labor unions.

  • Holding Companies: Control other companies' stock.

  • Workingmen's Compensation Act: Assistance to federal employees during disability.

  • Adamson Act: Eight-hour day for interstate train employees.

  • Jones Act: Granted territorial status to the Philippines.

  • Tampico Incident: Arrest of American sailors, led to U.S. intervention.

  • Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary in WWI.

  • Allies: Great Britain, Russia, France, and U.S. in WWI.

  • U-boats: German submarines.

  • Lusitania: British liner sunk by German U-boat.

  • Zimmermann Note: Germany offered Mexico lost territory.

  • Fourteen Points: Wilson's plan for ending WWI.

  • Committee on Public Information: Influenced public opinion for WWI support.

  • Espionage Act: Criminalized obstructing military recruitment.

  • Schenck v. United States: Speech creating "clear and present danger" not protected.

  • War Industries Board: Aided industrial production for war.

  • Industrial Workers of the World: Radical labor union.

  • General Strike: Ceasing labor until demands are met.

  • Great Migration: Movement of African Americans to urban areas.

  • Nineteenth Amendment: Women's right to vote.

  • Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act: First federally funded social welfare program.

  • American Expeditionary Forces (AEF): U.S. forces in WWI Europe.

  • Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1920: Global flu pandemic.

  • Battle of Chateau-Thierry: American victory against Germans.

  • Meuse-Argonne Offensive: Largest AEF operation in WWI.

  • League of Nations: Wilson's international peacekeeping plan.

  • Versailles, Treaty of: Formally ended WWI.

  • Irreconcilables: Senators opposed to the Treaty of Versailles.

People to know Ch 28

  • Louis D. Brandeis: Wrote Other People's Money.

  • Victoriano Huerta: President of Mexico.

  • Francisco Villa: Mexican military officer.

  • Arthur Zimmermann: Author of the Zimmermann note.

  • George Creel: Head of the Committee on Public Information.

  • Eugene V. Debs: Socialist and trade unionist.

  • William D. Haywood: Leader of the IWW.

  • Herbert C. Hoover: Mining engineer and President.

  • Alice Paul: Fought for women’s suffrage.

  • Henry Cabot Lodge: Senator opposed to the Versailles Treaty.

  • Edith Bolling Galt Wilson: First lady of the United States.

  • Scientific Management: Analyzing workflows.

  • Fordism: Mass production and consumption.

  • United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA): Black working-class movement.

  • Bolshevik Revolution: Overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government.

  • Red Scare: Fear of communists and socialists.

  • American Plan: Refusal to negotiate with unions.

  • Tulsa Race Massacre: Attack on Tulsa's Black community.

  • Immigration Act of 1924: Limited immigration.

  • Indian Citizenship Act of 1924: Granted citizenship to Indigenous peoples.

  • Eighteenth Amendment: Prohibited alcohol.

  • Volstead Act: Enforced prohibition.

  • Racketeers: Illegal money obtainers.

  • Fundamentalism: Literal Bible interpretation.

  • Bible Belt: Region known for Protestant Fundamentalism.

  • Scopes Trial: Trial over teaching evolution.

  • Modernism: Embraced technology and new expression.

  • "Lost Generation": Writers disillusioned with American society.

  • Harlem Renaissance: African American creative activity.

  • Bureau of the Budget: Reviews government funding requests.

  • Adkins v. Children's Hospital: Minimum wage law for women violated Due Process Clause.

  • Nine-Power Treaty: Upheld Open Door Policy in China.

  • Kellogg-Briand Pact: Promised to avoid war.

  • Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law: Increased tariff rates.

  • Teapot Dome Scandal: Bribery scandal.

  • Dawes Plan: Addressed Germany's hyperinflation.

  • Agricultural Marketing Act: Helped farmers maintain crop prices.

  • Hawley-Smoot Tariff: High tariff during the Depression.

  • Black Tuesday: Stock market crash.

  • Hoovervilles: Depression shanty towns.

  • Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC): Provided federal loans to businesses.

  • Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF): WWI veterans demanding bonuses.

People Terms Ch 29

  • A. Mitchell Palmer: Led raids against radicals.

  • Nicola Sacco: Italian immigrant convicted of murder.

  • Bartolomeo Vanzetti: Italian immigrant convicted of murder.

  • Al Capone: Gangster during Prohibition.

  • John T. Scopes: Accused of teaching evolution.

  • Frederick W. Taylor: Management consultant.

  • Henry Ford: Founder of Ford Motor Company.

  • Charles A. Lindbergh: Aviator, first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic.

  • Margaret Sanger: Advocated for birth control.

  • H.L. Mencken: Reporter and editor.

  • F. Scott Fitzgerald: Novelist of the Jazz Age.

  • Ernest Hemingway: Author and journalist.

  • T.S. Eliot: Poet and playwright.

  • William Faulkner: Mississippi novelist.

  • Langston Hughes: Poet of the Harlem Renaissance.

  • Warren G. Harding: President after World War I.

  • Albert B. Fall: Involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal.

  • Calvin