WATER MANAGEMENT 

WATER

  • part of the HYDROSPHERE
  • it makes up about 71% of earth’s surface.

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

It is a cycle that involves continuous circulation of water in the Earth-atmosphere system.

Reservoir: a process where water resides for varying amount of time.

Process Definition

  1. Condensation
    • the transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, creating clouds and fog.
  2. Deposition
    • also known as DE sublimation, it is a process in which gas (vapor) transform into solid (ice).
  3. Evaporation
    • the transformation of water from liquid to gas.
  4. Percolation
    • water flows horizontally through the soil and rocks under the influence of gravity.
  5. Sublimation
    • the state change directly from solid water (snow to ice) to water vapor.
  6. Transpiration
    • the release of water vapor from plants and soil into the air.

Residence Time: the average length of time spent by water molecule in reservoir.

Saltwater Reservoir : denser than fresh water because of its salt content.

Salinity: amount or concentrations of salt dissolved in a body of water.

DYK that oceanocean is the ^^largest salt water reservoir^^? and it has 96.5% of earth’s water.

LAYERS OF THE OCEAN

  • Surface layer: Home of most marine plants and animals. It extend from the ocean surface to a depth of 100 meters and about 2% of the water in the ocean.

Thermocline: Temperature decreases rapidly.

Deep zone: Temperature is uniformly low and 80% of the water in the ocean.

FRESHWATER RESERVOIR: Contains only minimal quantities of dissolved salts.

Glaciers: Permanent body of ice and it consists of recrystallized snow largest freshwater reservoir.

Groundwater

  • the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock.
  • largest reservoir of freshwater.

Aquifers: an underground layer of water bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt)

LAYERS OF THE GROUNDWATER

  1. Unsaturated zone (zone of aeration)
    • filled with air.
  2. Saturated zone (zone of saturation)
    • filled with water.
  3. Water table
    • between zone of aeration and zone saturation.

PERMAFROST

  • a soil, rock or sediments frozen for more than two consecutive years.
  • the upper portion thaws during summer and refreezes during winter.

SURFACE WATER RESERVOIR

  • any natural water that has not penetrated under the surface of the ground underneath.

PURPOSE OF SURFACE WATER RESERVOIR

  • hydropower
  • flood control
  • agriculture irrigation
  • water supply

SURFACE WATER RESERVOIR

wetlands: land areas where water covers the surface for significant periods.

Marsh: stream, lakes and oceans where grasses and reeds are the dominant vegetation.

Swamp: often partially or intermittently covered with water: especially one dominated by woody vegetation.

Estuary: partially enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it and with a free connection to the open sea.

 TYPES OF FLOODS:

  1. Fluvial or Riverine: when a stream’s discharge is greater than the capacity of the channel, causing the stream to flow.
  2. Coastal flooding: when water overwhelms in low-lying areas along the coasts, usually due to severe weather conditions.
  3. Pluvial or surface water: occur when an urban drainage system is overwhelmed and water flows out into streets and nearby structures.

Flash Floods: caused by heavy or excessive rainfall in a short period of time, generally less than 6 hours.

HUMAN ACTIVITIES AFFECTING WATER RESOURCES

  1. increase in population
  2. migration from rural to urban area
  3. demand for food
  4. competition for water resources
  5. distribution of population and water resources
  6. pollution