Ch 1 Global Health

Understand definitions:
- Health: A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
- Public Health: The science and art of preventing disease and prolonging life through organized community efforts.
- Global Health: Health issues that transcend national boundaries and require cooperative actions.
Discuss examples of public health efforts and global health activities.
Describe guiding principles of public health work.
Explain the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their relevance to global health.
Overview of the global campaign to eradicate smallpox.

In 2005, polio eradication efforts were hindered by misinformation:
- Rumors in northern Nigeria led to community leaders discouraging vaccinations.
- Resulted in renewed polio cases spreading beyond Nigeria to Sudan, Yemen, Indonesia.

Getachew: 20-year-old Ethiopian with HIV increased strength after antiretroviral therapy.
Laurie: Virginia resident diagnosed with meningitis caused by West Nile virus, highlighting the expansion of infectious diseases.
Jim: London student suffering from tuberculosis despite a perceived elimination in developed regions.
Nirupama: Woman in India with diabetes, illustrating the global rise of chronic diseases in low-income countries.

Life Expectancy: Increased 37% from 1960 to 2016.
Child Mortality: Fell 62% between 1990 and 2016.
Vaccinations: Nearly 3 billion children vaccinated against polio; 22 cases reported in 2017.
Maternal Health: 44% reduction in maternal deaths since 1990.
Diseases Impact: Averted 53 million TB deaths from 2000 to 2016; reduced HIV/AIDS deaths by 900,000 in 2016 compared to 2005.
Guinea Worm Disease: Over 99.9% decline in cases from 3.5 million in 1986 to only 30 in 2017.
Tobacco Use: Prevalence fell from 24% in 2007 to 21% in 2015.

Child Deaths: 5.6 million under-5 child deaths in 2016; nearly half linked to malnutrition.
Malaria and HIV/TB: Significant mortality rates from malaria (435,000 in 2017) and TB among HIV-negative individuals.
Maternal Deaths: 303,000 maternal deaths in 2015.
Noncommunicable Diseases: Diabetes prevalence has doubled since 1980.

Understanding global health progress is crucial.
Remaining challenges and effective resolutions are essential for future enhancements.

Attention required for health disparities globally.
Ethical implications of health challenges, like access to healthcare and economic development stability.

Health: WHO’s broader definition from 1948 emphasizes well-being, not just absence of disease.
Public Health: C.E.A. Winslow's 1923 definition details organized efforts to maintain communal health, such as vaccinations and health education.
Global Health: Encompasses transnational health issues that require cooperative efforts and solutions.

Focus on disease prevention, respect individual rights, community involvement, and evidence-based practices.

Introduced in 2015, building on prior Millennium Development Goals.
Emphasizes health-related goals such as:
- SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives for all.
- SDG 1: No poverty; SDG 2: Zero hunger; SDG 4: Quality education; SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation.

Background: Smallpox affected millions and led to high mortality.
Intervention: Successful eradication efforts through mass vaccination and global cooperation.
Impact: Smallpox was declared eradicated by WHO in 1980, a historical public health triumph.

Most countries view health as a human right, aiming for universal health coverage.
Health status is influenced by various factors including socioeconomic factors, culture, access to services, and government policies.
Significant health improvements achieved but disparities persist.
Importance of valuing cost-effective health investments and addressing both communicable and noncommunicable disease burdens.