Music 116 Test I Study Guide Notes

Three Essential Ingredients of Jazz: Swing rhythm, improvisation, and blues feel/expression.
Improvisation: Creating music as you go.
Rhythm: Orderly movement of music in time.
Syncopation: Shifting the accent to an unexpected place.
Melody / Head: Series of pitches forming a musical thought; jazz term for melody or main arrangement section.
Riff: Short catchy jazz phrase.
Dynamics: Degrees of loudness & softness.
Tempo: Rate of speed in music.
Harmony: The study of chords.
Rhythm Changes: Chord progression based on the song "I Got Rhythm".
Consonance & Dissonance: Pleasantness or harshness in music.
Musical Texture: Three types include monophonic, homophonic, and polyphonic.
Timbre: Quality or color of a musical sound.
Form: Thematic structure of a musical work.
Call & Response: Musical dialogue trading phrases between instruments or voices.

Five Blended Styles: Ragtime, Spirituals, Popular Music, European Classical, and Blues.
Ragtime: Not considered true jazz because it was fully composed and written down without improvisation.
Early Jazz Stringed Instrument: Banjo (frequently used prior to the guitar).
Spirituals: Popularized by vocal groups such as the Fisk Jubilee Singers.
Popular Music: Early jazz tunes followed the structural form of popular song styles (such as AABA / Verse-Chorus).
European Classical: Studied and performed by Creoles of Color (mixed race).
Blues:
- Encompasses Country Blues and Classic Blues.
- Formed the music of the Uptown Blacks in New Orleans.
- Featured performers like Bessie Smith.
- Typically structured around a 12-bar progression of chords.
Dixieland:
- Front-line Instruments: Cornet/Trumpet, Clarinet, and Trombone.
- Texture: Polyphonic texture.
- Rhythm Section: Early (Banjo, Tuba, Drums); Later (Piano, Guitar, String Bass, Drums).
Harlem Stride:
- Father of Stride: James P. Johnson.
- Showcased through head-to-head piano competitions known as cutting contests.
Boogie Woogie:
- Piano-based blues featuring repetitive left-hand bass lines (e.g., "Death-Ray Boogie").

"The Easy Winners": Ragtime composition by Scott Joplin.
"You’ve Got to be Modernistic": Stride piano composition by James P. Johnson.
"Sweet Home Chicago": Classic blues performed by singer/player Robert Johnson.
"The Thrill is Gone": Blues track performed by singer/guitarist B.B. King.
"Dixie Jazz Band One-Step": Early jazz recording by the Original Dixieland Jass Band.
"Crazy Blues": Classic blues recording performed by Mamie Smith.
"Too Late": Classic jazz track recorded by King Oliver.
"High Society": Classic jazz standard featured in early recordings.
"Hotter Than That": Classic recording by Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five.

Buddy Bolden: Cornet player recognized as the first major figure and early "Trumpet King" of New Orleans jazz.
Joe King Oliver: Cornet player and bandleader who served as a major mentor to Louis Armstrong.
Louis Armstrong: Landmark trumpet player and vocalist whose legacy defined jazz soloing and rhythm.
Jelly Roll Morton: Pianist and leader of the Red Hot Peppers who claimed to be jazz's inventor.
Sidney Bechet: Prominent New Orleans clarinetist and soprano saxophonist known for his powerful tone and fast vibrato.

Brass Bands:
- Marched and selected their list of tunes primarily to entertain, play parades, and perform at jazz funerals.
- The battery of percussion instruments moved indoors to be played by one person (forming the drum set), which could not easily be recorded early on.
New Orleans History:
- Governed by France and Spain prior to ownership by the United States.
- Congo Square: Earliest place where enslaved people were allowed to assemble, dance, sing, and play music.
- Storyville: Legalized prostitution district in early 20th century New Orleans where jazz musicians frequently performed.
Jazz Solo Intensity:
- Solos build intensity through increases in volume, higher pitch ranges, rhythmic acceleration, and altered sound timbres.