HMS Notes

Broad Features of Society

Culture, Affluence, social cohesion, social inclusion, Political structures, media, and language

Environmental Factors

Geographic location, quality of air and water, safe workplaces, community safety, access to physical resources within the community.

Socioeconomic Factors

Socioeconomic Status, Educational Attainment, Employment status, Cultural background, Disability, Social networks, Social expectations and attitudes, Cultural traditions, Media

Health Behaviours

Individual beliefs and actions (such as tobacco use, alcohol consumption, physical activity, dietary behaviour, drug use, sexual practices)

Biomedical Factors

Genetics, Blood pressure, Blood glucose levels, Cholesterol levels, Physical impairment

What are the 5 Determinants of Health?

Biomedical Factors, Health Behaviours, Socioeconomic Factors, Environmental Factors and Broad Features of Society.

What are the 5 Dimensions of Health

Physical, Social, Emotional, Mental, and Spiritual

How to Measure the Health Status of Australians?

Epidemiology, Mortality, Infant Mortality, Morbidity, Incidence and Prevalence

How do the determinants interact to affect the health of population groups?

What are the sociological causes of risky health behaviours?

- Low SES
- Peer Pressure & Normalisation
- Low Health Literacy
- Environmental Constraints
- Cultural practices

Where do health inequities exist?

Young Aboriginal trends in key health issues

- # 1 cause of death is intentional self-harm, #2 is abuse
- stable trend, not decreasing

Young Aboriginals' causes of key health issues

- intergenerational trauma
- racism
- inequalities
- isolation

Young Aboriginals - how do the determinants of health affect health-related behaviours

Broad Ft - lower education and more unemployment = more at risk for key health issues
Enviro Fc - most live rurally = cost more to buy fresh fruit = bad nutrition = higher risk for health issues
SocioEc Fc - lower income and crowded housing = high stress = substance abuse
Health Beh - high levels of processed food = obesity and high blood pressure
Biomedical Fc - high levels of processed food = obesity and high blood pressure

Young Australians' trends in key health issues

- Male death rate is 2x more than that of females
- The leading cause of death is suicide
- Leading morbidity diseases are anxiety and depression for women and suicide and self-harm for men
- Rural, Low SES, and rural have the highest death rates

Young Australians' causes of key health issues

- high stress & isolation
- disconnectedness
- income

Young Australians - how the determinants of health affect health-related behaviours

Broad Ft - low social cohesion = higher risk of health issues (e.g., mental health)
Enviro Fc - rural location = less access to healthcare facilities
SocioEc Fc - Low income = higher risk of health issues
Health Bh - bad ones (smoking) - higher risk of health issues
Biomedical Fc - bad ones (genetic disorders) - higher risk of health issues

Whats the nature of violence

Violence is the behaviour involving physical force that is intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something.

What does the data tell us about violence?

On average, all violence trends are increasing, e.g., domestic violence, 3.1% per year on average

Why is violence an issue?

There are many effects that it may have on them throughout their lives, eg violence may be carried through to adulthood

Protective factors to reduce violence

Education - , Laws - ⟶ to do with violence and abuse laws to prevent violent behaviours e.g sensorship and restricted access to violent video games/online experiences

Strategies to reduce violence

Programmes that support parents and teach positive parenting skills

New strategies that could be implemented

Trauma-Informed Care - recognising that violence is often a cycle, so to stop it, it is necessary to heal the trauma of the perpetrators
in order to prevent future violent behaviour.

How does self-efficacy protect and enhance the health of an individual?

Higher self-efficacy increases the likelihood of prioritising healthy behaviours and achieving goals.

How does health literacy protect and enhance the health of an individual?

Better health literacy leads to improved health outcomes.

How do help-seeking behaviours protect and enhance the health of an individual?

Good help-seeking behaviours help to provide support for an individual to help their overall health.

How does problem-solving protect and enhance the health of an individual?

Problem-solving allows individuals to be aware of their health and help recognise and fix problems within it.

How does resilience protect and enhance the health of an individual?

Improved resilience helps to protect and enhance your health by enabling you to better handle life's ups and downs.

How does a sense of purpose protect and enhance the health of an individual?

A good sense of purpose protects and enhances physical and mental health by promoting healthier behaviours and reducing psychological stress.

How does ethical behaviour protect and enhance the health of an individual?

Acting in ways that align with morals and values enhances personal and others' health and well-being because it fosters a safe environment.

How does connectedness protect and enhance the health of an individual?

Improved connectedness reduces stress and helps to improve confidence.

Young Australians' protective factors of key health issues

- education
- support system and connections
- exercise/nutrition

Young Aboriginals' protective factors of key health issues

- connection to the country
- kinship
- spiritual practices
- better nutrition

What can we do about health inequalities?

- Use specific strategies (eg, workshops for health literacy)
- Create supporting environments
- Support from gov agenencies (NSW Refugge Health Service)