Quiz review

Osteocytes live in small cavities in the bone matrix called lacunae.
The rings of bone matrix that surround the entire bone are circumferential lamellae.
The rings of bone matrix found between the osteons are called interstitial lamellae.
The central canals of osteons are crucial for housing blood vessels and nerves.

Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the protein and mineral content of the surrounding bone matrix.

Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for bone formation and the secretion of the bone matrix (osteoid).

Osteoclasts are bone-dissolving cells that secrete acids and proteolytic enzymes, releasing stored calcium into the bloodstream.

The thin, tough covering over the surface of a long bone is known as the periosteum.
The lining of the medullary cavity is called the endosteum.
The area consisting of thin plates of bone, known as trabeculae, is filled with spaces accommodating red bone marrow, referred to as spongy bone.
The rings of bone matrix around the central canal of the osteons are known as concentric lamellae.

This process primarily leads to the formation of flat bones, such as the clavicle and the femur.

In this process, most bones, including long bones, develop from a cartilage model.

Calcitonin lowers the concentration of calcium in the blood, while Parathyroid hormone raises it.
Calcitriol is a hormone produced sequentially by the action of the skin, liver, and kidneys involved in calcium homeostasis.

Specific bones like the zygomatic, maxilla, ethmoid, and sphenoid are part of the facial skeleton.

Unique features such as transverse foramina are present only in the cervical vertebrae.
Costal facets are unique to thoracic vertebrae.

Syndesmosis, sutures, and fibrous joints are classifications of joints based on mobility.
Synovial joints are characterized by a joint cavity separating the bones, permitting greater movement.

Ball and socket joint (e.g., shoulder joint) - multiaxial; allows movement in multiple axes.
Hinge joint (e.g., elbow) - uniaxial; allows movement in one plane.
Pivot joint (e.g., proximal radio-ulnar joint) - allows rotation around a single axis.

The greater trochanter and lesser trochanter are found on the femur.
The acromion is located on the scapula.
The mental foramen is found on the mandible.
The mastoid process is a feature of the temporal bone.
The foramen magnum is located on the occipital bone.
The sella turcica is found on the sphenoid bone.
The crista galli and structures like the olfactory bulb are associated with the ethmoid bone.

The synovial membrane secretes a viscous fluid that lubricates the joint, allowing for smooth movement.
Articular cartilage covers both epiphyses of long bones to minimize friction during movement.
Sharpey's fibers (perforating fibers) attach the periosteum to the bone matrix.

Hydroxyapatite, composed of calcium phosphate, is the main inorganic component of bone tissue, contributing to its strength and density.