CSD Exam #2

What is phonology - how phonemes are combined to make rules (sh but not sf)

Phonemes - speech sounds

Children usually have and articulation disorder or language disorder but not both - false

What systems are needed to speak - respiratory, phonatory, resonatory, articulation

What is the goal of articulation therapy - intelligible speech

Metaphon therapy is common - false

Phonological process of deletion of initial consonants - “cop” becomes “op”; removal of initial sounds

What causes an articulation disorder - structure of mouth and otitis media

Name a common articulation test - The Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation

Adema - Swelling

Aphonia - loss of voice

Name three vocal nodule characteristics - come in pairs, callouses, hoarse voice qualities

Treatment for nodules - yawn-sigh

Paralysis - total loss of function

Paresis - partial loss of function

What part of the brain is associated with spasmodic dysphonia - basal ganglia

Spasmodic dysphonia is treated by - botox

Subjective voice assessments - CAPE-5 and VHI

Objective voice assessments - Flexible video endoscopy and stroboscopy, visi pitch and nasometer

Laryngectomy - removal of larynx

Hard palate - separates oral and nasal cavities; top of the oral cavity

Uvula - finger-like projection that hangs down

A cleft palate is fixed before a cleft lip - false

Cleft lip surgery happens around what age - 3 months

Surgery is typically successful in generic adequate velopharyngeal closure - true

Who might be on a transdisciplinary cleft palate team - Surgeon, SLP, ENT, dentist

Palatal lift - helps soft palate move when it is weak

Stuttering is a(n) articulation disorder, fluency disorder, or language disorder? - fluency disorder

Stuttering causes negative emotional reactions by the speaker - true

What are two characteristics of cluttering - fast speech bursts, not rhythmical, unintelligible

Stuttering is a nervous condition - False

What are stuttering assessments - test of childhood stuttering and using a stuttering severity instrument

What percent of the time does stuttering in early childhood resolve itself - 65-80%

It is important to involve the family of the stutterer in therapy because - they may be having a negative reaction to the stuttering (thinking their child will not get a job, married, go to college, etc.) and may need to make their speaking environment more comfortable

What is an example of a substitution? - “rabbit” becomes “wabbit” (w for r)

What is a distortion? - lisp (lateral s)

What is a deletion? - “cop” becomes “op”

Why is perception important in speech acquisition - it is hard to imitate and repeat if you cannot hear the sounds

Speech Delay - The child has the speech abilities of a younger child

Speech Disorder - The child’s speech is unique (not associated with any age)

What is an example of the phonological deletion of the ending sound? - “house” becomes “hou”

What is an example of syllable reduction - “banana” becomes “nana”

Describe how to get a language sample with a 4 year old patient - record them playing and saying at least 100 words, then make an evaluation

Atrophy - reduction in tissue

Hyperfunction - increased muscle activity

Voice quality can be described as - hoarse, breathy, harsh

Hoarse - mix of harsh and breathy

Breathy - Partial whisper

Harsh - Tense

Vocal abuse - screaming, yelling, smoke exposure, coughing, clearing throat

Conversion aphonia or disphonia has a psychogenic cause - true

Electrolarynx - electronic buzzer held to the throat after a laryngectomy to produce speech (sounds robotic)

Esophageal Speech - burping; swallowing air to create speech

What is the frequency of oral facial clefts? - 4th most common

Unilateral Cleft - cleft on one side

Bilateral Cleft - cleft on both sides

Describe a submucous cleft - notch in the hard palate, abnormal orientation of the soft palate muscles causing the middle of the velum to be thing and bluish, bifid uvula (two uvulas)

An individual with a submucous cleft is at risk for - speech problems, middle ear disease, and swallowing difficulties

Cleft lip surgery is - Chelioplasty

What are two ways to detect nasal emissions - mirror under the nose, CSCAPE

Glottal stop - “ah”; vocal folds slam together; “uh-oh”

Describe how a nasometer will help a SLP diagnose a resonance difference. - it measures how much air is coming out of the nose vs the amount of air coming out of the mouth

What are characteristics of fluent speech - easy, effortless, rhythmical

Disfluent speech is a high number or duration of repetitions, prolongations, and/or blockages that interrupt speech - true

A stutterer may be more fluent when - singing, using a fake voice, choral voice

What is the etiology of stuttering? - Unknown

Most children before starting school will have temporary disfluency - true

What are three test used in a stuttering evaluation? - articulation testing, language testing, oral mech exam

What is the term used when someone stutters into adulthood? - Chronic stutter

Severity of a stutter does not change over time - false

There can be language differences in the language abilities in the people who do and do not stutter - true

Articulation - producing and arranging sounds by moving oral articulators

Assessing and treating developmental speech disorders is common in pediatrics - true

Articulation disorders are more likely to have a known etiology than phonological process disorders - true

What is nonverbal communication that can be observed? - body language, eye contact, sign language

Vocal polyp - common, balloon-like blisters, breathy/hoarse voice quality

Papilloma - Warts on the vocal folds, large, hoarse voice quality

Describe unilateral vocal fold paralysis surgery - move the effected fold to the midline and sew it in place

Velopharyngeal Inadequacy (VPI) is caused by what two problems? - small soft palate or large pharynx