Genetic Engineering

Definition

Genetic engineering = transferring genes from one organism to another to give the recipient organism new characteristics.

Examples of Genetic Engineering

• Medicine:

  • Human insulin gene inserted into bacteria → bacteria produce insulin.

  • Used to treat type 1 diabetes.

• Agriculture (GM crops):

  • Crops with higher yields.

  • Resistant to disease or insects.

  • Produce bigger or better-quality foods.

  • Resistant to herbicides → weeds killed without harming crop.

• Gene therapy:

  • Experimental treatment for inherited disorders in humans.

  • Long-term effects not fully known.

Process of Genetic Engineering (Higher Tier)

1. Identify the gene to transfer (human, animal, or plant).

2. Use enzymes to isolate the gene.

3. Insert the gene into a vector:

   • Plasmid (small DNA circle from bacteria) or virus.

4. Transfer the gene into target organism cells (animal, plant, or microorganism).

5. Transfer occurs at an early developmental stage (e.g., embryo) so all cells carry the gene.

✅ Key Takeaways

• Genetic engineering allows organisms to gain new characteristics.

• Used in medicine, agriculture, and potentially to treat inherited disorders.

• Plasmids and viruses act as vectors to transfer genes.

• Timing of gene transfer is critical to ensure all cells have the new gene.

• GM crops raise questions about environmental and health safety.