STUDY GROUP 1
Bronchitis and Related Conditions
Definition of Bronchitis
An inflammation of the bronchial tubes. Commonly caused by viral infections or irritation.
Droplet Infection
Bronchitis can be part of droplet transmission infections.
Negative Airflow Rooms
Conditions Requiring Negative Air Room Pressure
Used primarily for conditions like Tuberculosis (TB) and Chickenpox.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Procedures
Procedure of Wearing Gloves and Masks
Order of Wearing PPE:
First put on gloves.
Next, wear a high-efficiency face mask.
Finally, don the gown.
Catheter Procedures
Catheter Procedure Explanation
A diagnostic procedure where a catheter is passed from the femoral artery into the heart.
Patient Considerations:
Inquire about shellfish allergies.
For infants, monitor for rashes or fever.
Assess renal function by monitoring BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) and creatinine levels.
If the patient is on metformin, it should be suspended 2 days prior to the procedure and recommenced 2 days after.
Bell's Palsy
Description of Bell's Palsy
A neurological disorder causing weakness on one side of the face.
Symptoms may include:
Ptosis (drooping) of the eye.
Asymmetrical smile.
Difficulty in swallowing.
Occurs due to impairment of the facial cranial nerve.
Impact on Movement
The disorder primarily affects facial movements, not general body movements.
Symptoms
Possible lacrimation (tear production) issues or dry eyes.
Chest Tube Management
Indications for Chest Tube Insertion
Administered when there is fluid (e.g., blood or pus) in the thoracic cavity.
Chest Tube Chamber Identifications
A: Suction chamber.
Continuous bubbling observed here indicates active suctioning.
B: Water seal chamber (tideline).
Intermittent bubbling indicates air leak.
C: Collection chamber.
This chamber collects fluid or air.
Colostomy Bag Management
Assessment Before Draining
Assess the colostomy every 2 to 3 days.
Normal Appearance of New Colostomy:
Should be pink and shiny, concave, moist, and beefy.
Indicators of Poor Perfusion:
Grey or bluish coloration.
Ambulation Techniques
Using a Cane
When going down with a cane, the sequence is:
Move the cane with the affected (bad) leg first, followed by the unaffected (good) leg.
Lyme Disease
Definition and Causes
Lyme disease is transmitted primarily by tick bites.
Characteristic bull's-eye rash may appear.
Phases of Lyme Disease
Initial rash, malaise, and later stages may involve joint and neurological symptoms.
Preeclampsia
Definition
A pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure, protein in urine, and swelling (edema).
Rhabdomyolysis
Definition of Rhabdomyolysis
Life-threatening condition due to muscle breakdown, usually affecting calf muscles.
Symptoms to Monitor
Severe pain in the affected muscles, potential kidney failure due to myoglobinuria.
Management
Stop medications that may exacerbate conditions and ensure aggressive fluid resuscitation.
Hemophilia A
Definition
A genetic disorder characterized by deficiency of clotting factor, often Factor VIII.
Cystic Fibrosis
Description
An autosomal recessive disorder causing excessive mucus production affecting respiratory and digestive systems.
Symptoms
Frequent respiratory infections (e.g., pneumonia), poor nutrition due to malabsorption.
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy
Definition
A psychiatric disorder where a caregiver exaggerates or fabricates illnesses in a child for attention.
Somatic Syndrome
Description
A psychological condition where individuals present physical symptoms without a medical explanation.
Eating Disorders
Difference Between Bulimia and Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa: Normal weight, engages in binging and purging behaviors.
Anorexia Nervosa: Characterized by low body weight, fear of gaining weight, and amenorrhea.
Stress Test in Pregnancy
Purpose
Used to assess fetal well-being, especially when there are signs of distress in the fetus or mother.
Peritoneal Dialysis
Definition
A method of dialysis performed at home using the peritoneum as the exchange membrane.
Types
Continuous: Performed multiple times daily.
Automated: Usually performed overnight.
Monitoring
Assess for cloudy output, indicating possible peritonitis, or low output, which may require patient re-positioning.
Equilibrium Syndrome
Definition
A complication following hemodialysis involving shifts in electrolytes and fluids leading to hypotension and other symptoms.
General Assessment and Monitoring
Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
Normal ICP range: mmHg.
Symptoms of increased ICP: projectile vomiting, hypertension, bradycardia, decreased respiratory rate.
Head Injury (TBI)
May lead to complications like glacial skull fractures showing CSF leakage.
Monitoring
Look for glucose presence in CSF to confirm diagnosis.
Glaucoma
Definition and Types
Condition leading to peripheral vision loss due to increased intraocular pressure (IOP).
Normal IOP range is mmHg.
Management
Use of anticholinergics and surgery if necessary for acute closed-angle glaucoma.
Medications and Interactions
Potassium Administration
Potassium should not be given IV push; must be administered via piggyback.
St. John's Wort
Avoid with antidepressants due to risk of serotonin syndrome.
Good Samaritan Laws
Definition
Protects people who assist others in emergency situations; stipulates no compensation should be received.
Emancipated Minors
Description
Minors under 18 years who are either married, pregnant, or serving in the military, having legal capacity to make medical decisions.
Reporting STDs
STDs to Report
Conditions such as gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia are mandated reports to health authorities.
Managing EpiPen Administration
Administration
Administer EpiPen to the outer thigh without the need for removing clothing. Store at room temperature.