Animal Reproduction 

Budding: new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones

Fragmentation: breaking of the body into pieces, some or all of which develop into adults

Parthenogenesis: the development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg

Half: sexual females have __ as many daughters as sexual female (“two fold cost”)

variability: what is something that asexual reproduction cannot acomplish

genetic recombination: what does sexual reproduction lead to which can lead to variablilty?

stable favourable environments: where is asexual most favourable?

changing environments: where is sexual reproduction favourable?

ovulation: the release of mature eggs at the midpoint of a female cycle

reproductive cycles: what do most animals exhibit in relation to the changing seasons?

hormones and environmental cues: what are reproductive cycles controlled by?

hermaphroditism: an individual that has both male and female reproductive systems

autogamy: what is it called when some hermaphrodites can self fertilize?

fertilization: the union of egg and sperm

external fertilization: eggs shed by the female are fertilized by sperm in the external environment

low: what is the likelihood of sperm finding an egg in an external environment (remember females produce many eggs for this reason)

internal fertilization: sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract and fertilization occurs within the tract

behavioural interactions: what does internal fertilization require?

Critical timing: what do all fertilization require which are often mediated by environmental cues, pheromones, and/or courtship behaviours?

greater protection: what does internal fertilization provide that external does not

amniote eggs: the embryos of some terrestrial animals develop this which are calcium and protein-containing shells and several internal membranes

gonads: what are the organs that produce gametes in most species

undifferentiated tissue: for simple systems that do not have gonads, how do they produce gametes?

accessory tubes and glands: what do some other animals have that carry, nourish and protect gametes and developing embryos

spermathecae: what do many insect females have that stores sperm during copulation?

cloaca: an opening in nonmammalian vertebrates that is shared between the external environment and the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems

separate: mammals usually have a __ opening to the digestive tract

vertebrae female: which reproductive systems in vertebrates have two ovaries (one may never develop in some species)

copulatory organs: where do the differences in male and female reproductive systems exist?

monogamy (staying together for life): what is relatively rare among animals?

scrotum and penis: what are the male’s external reproductive organs?

gonads: what produces sperm in the male reproductive system?

hormones and accessory glands: what secrete products needed for sperm movement

ducts: what carry sperm and glandular secretions?

testes (gonads): what male reproductive organ contains of highly coiled tubes surrounded by connective tissue

seminiferous tubules: tubules located inside of the testes that form sperm

Leydig cells: these produce hormones and are scattered between the seminiferous tubules in the testes

scrotum: where are the testes of many mammals held to keep the temperature lower for sperm production

epididymis: after the seminiferous tubules, which coiled tubules does sperm pass into?

vas deferens, ejaculatory duct: During ejaculation, sperm are propelled through the muscular _ _ and the _ _, and exit the penis through the urethra

three sets: aside from sperm, how many accessory glands contribute to semen?

seminal vesicles: two _ _ contribute about 60% of the total volume of semen

prostate gland: this gland secrets its products directly into the urethra through several small ducts

bulbourethral glands: these glands secrete a clear mucus before ejaculation which neutralizing the acidic urine that is in the urethra

penis: a male reproductive organ that is composed of three cylinders of spongy erectile tissue

head, shaft: the _ or glans has a thinner skin than the _ and is more sensitive to stimulation

foreskin or prepuce: the fold of skin that surrounds the glans

clitoris, labia: the female external reproductive structures include the , and two sets of

gonads, ducts and chambers: the internal reproductive organs of a female are a pair of _ and a system of _ _ _ that carry gametes and house the embryo and fetus

abdominal cavity: where do the female gonads, the ovaries lie in their body?

follicles: what does each ovary contain which consists of a partially developed egg (oocyte), which is surrounded by support cells?

oviduct/fallopian tube: where does the egg travel from the ovary to the uterus?

uterus (womb): where does cilia in the oviduct convey the egg?

cervix: where does the uterus narrow into and open into the vagina?

vagina: the muscular but elastic chamber that is the repository for sperm, and serves as the birth canal

vulva: what does the vagina open to at the outside?

labia major, labia minora, hymen, clitoris: does does the vulva consist of?

female mammary glands: the female glands that are not apart of the reproductive system but are important to mammalian reproduction

epithelial tissue: what kind of tissue that is found in small sacs that are contained within glands secrete milk?

gametogenesis: the term for the production of gametes

spermatogenesis: the term for the development of sperm (continuous and prolific)

oogenesis: the term for the development of mature eggs (prolonged process)