BIO 121 Lecture Notes - Introduction and Course Overview

BIO 121 - Human Anatomy and Physiology

Course Overview

• Welcome to BIO 121, the first half of a two-semester sequence in human anatomy and physiology.
• This course covers the language of anatomy, general anatomical regions, and an introduction to organ systems.
• Systems covered: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems.
• BIO 122 will continue from where BIO 121 ends.
• The course combines both anatomy and physiology.

Instructor Information

• Instructor: Britt Ranson (Dr. Ranson)
• Teaching anatomy at Lake State for over 15 years.
• Office hours: Anytime after class or by appointment via email.

Course Materials

• Textbook: OpenStax Anatomy and Physiology (available online for free).
  • Optional: Printed copy from the bookstore or download.
• Lab Manual: Eric Wise lab manual (required purchase).
  • Weekly quizzes based on review questions from the lab manual.
• Online Lab: A&P Connect through McGraw Hill (required purchase).
  • Weekly lab assignments and quizzes.
• Required: Webcam for exams.
• Respondus proctoring software will be used for exams (not supported by Chromebooks).
• Recommended: Anatomy Coloring Book (optional).

Course Expectations and Grading

• Prerequisites: High school chemistry, English, and math.
• Course focuses on basic chemistry concepts and interest in the human body.
• Learning Outcomes:
  • Describe basic cell components and their functions.
  • Identify body regions, basic tissue types, and anatomical structures.
  • Relate disruptions of normal functions to diseases (epidermis, osseous, muscle, or nervous tissue).
• Attendance is required.
• Grading:
  • Six weekly exams (100 points each).
  • Weekly lab assignments (25 points per week).
  • Total: 750 points.
• Late assignments will be penalized (20% per day, up to four days).
• Final exam is not cumulative.

Weekly Schedule

• Week 1-6 covers:
  • Organization of the body.
  • Chemistry.
  • Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems.
• Each week generally covers two chapters.
• Exam Schedule: One exam per week, typically covering two chapters.
  • Exams are open on Moodle from 7 AM to 7 PM on Mondays.

Time Commitment

• Lecture: 8 hours per week (including recordings and live meetings).
• Study Time: 16 hours per week (2 hours per lecture hour).
• Lab: 6 hours per week.
• Outside Lab Study Time: 3 hours per week.
• Exam Time: 1 hour per week.
• Total: 34 hours per week.

Example Weekly Schedule

• Monday: Take exam, watch first lecture.
• Tuesday: Review lecture materials, start lab assignments.
• Wednesday: Watch second lecture, complete lab assignments.
• Thursday: Complete student practice worksheet, exam review (labs continued).
• Labs are due on Mondays before the exam.

Lab Information

• Register for lab via the link on the course home tab on Moodle.
• Weekly lab assignments on McGraw Hill.
• Homework assignments have unlimited attempts; quizzes have one attempt.
• Virtual cadaver using ANP revealed link.

Moodle Page Organization

• Course home tab: Syllabus, lecture handouts, lab registration.
• Weekly specific materials in separate tabs.
• Practice worksheets available.
• Supplemental materials and practice links provided.

Anatomical Terminology

• Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right halves.
  • Midsagittal Plane: Divides the body into equal left and right halves.
• Frontal Plane (Coronal Plane): Divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) halves.
• Transverse Plane: Divides the body into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) halves.

Anatomical Directions

• Ventral and Anterior: Towards the front or belly; interchangeable terms.
• Dorsal and Posterior: Towards the back; interchangeable terms.
• Superior and Inferior: Above and below.
• Medial and Lateral: Towards the middle and towards the side, respectively.
• Proximal and Distal: How close or far away from the origin (hip or shoulder joint).
• Superficial and Deep: Closer to or farther away from the surface of the body.

Abdominal Regions

Quadrants

• Four regions: two upper and two lower.
• Divided by horizontal and vertical lines intersecting at the umbilical cord.
• Left and right are from the patient's perspective.

Tic-Tac-Toe Regions

• Nine regions:
  • Right hypochondriac, right lateral, right inguinal.
  • Left hypochondriac, left lateral, left inguinal.
  • Epigastric (above the stomach), umbilical, hypogastric (below the stomach).

Methods of Examination

Palpation

• Feeling a body region for abnormal growths.

Percussion

• Tapping to assess the density of internal tissues.

Auscultation

• Listening to heartbeats and lung sounds.

Body Region Terminology

• Detailed breakdown of anatomical references for various body parts.

Homework for Thursday

• View chapter 2 lecture recordings (parts one and two).
  • Lecture handouts are available to take notes.
• Start working on the student practice worksheet.
• Have exam number one review handout for class.
• Register the lab.
• Complete an extra credit practice exam (due by 10 AM Thursday for five free points).

Homeostasis

• The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
• Set Point: normal value or range.
• Dynamic Equilibrium: the body fluctuates around the set point.
• Negative Feedback Loops: return to set point (most common and healthy)
• Positive Feedback Loops: amplify away from set point.
• Components of Feedback Loops:
  • Receptor: senses change.
  • Integrator: communicates with the central nervous system.
  • Effector: either restores the change (negative feedback) or further amplifies the change (positive feedback).