Final Exam Structures

Comparisons

Comparisons of equality

• …tan + adjective + como…

• …tan + adverb + como…

• tanto/a(s) + noun + como…

• …verb + tanto como…

Comparisons of inequality

• …más/menos + adjective/adverb/noun + que…

• …verb + más/menos que…

mayor(es) - older

menor(es) - younger

mejor(es) - better

peor(es) - worse

Superlatives

• el/la/los/las + noun + más/menos + adjective (+ de…)

• el/la/los/las + mayor/menor/mejor/peor (+ de…)

Pretérito

-ar endings - (é, aste, ó, amos, aron)

-ir & -er endings - (í, iste, ió, imos, ieron)

-car - qué (ending in yo form in preterite)

-gar - gué (ending in yo form in preterite)

-zar - cé (ending in yo form in preterite)

leer - to read (has y in he/she/it & they/them form)

caer - to fall (has y in he/she/it & they/them form)

construir - to build (has y in he/she/it & they/them form)

oír - to hear (has y in he/she/it & they/them form)

preferir (e to i in preterite in he/she/it & they/them form) - to prefer

pedir (e to i in preterite in he/she/it & they/them form) - to ask

morir (o to u in preterite in he/she/it & they/them form) - to die

ser - was (meaing in preterite) (fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron)

ir - to go (went in preterite) (fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron)

dar - to give/hand (di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron)

conocer - to meet (preterite meaning)

U-Stem

U-Stem endings - (e, iste, o, imos, ieron)

andar - walk

estar - was (preterite meaning)

tener - to have

saber - to find out (preterite meaning)

poder - to manage / be able / succeed (preterite meaning)

no poder - cannot / to fail (preterite meaning)

poner - to place

I-Stem

I-Stem endings - (e, iste, o, imos, ieron)

querer - to attempt (preterite meaning)

no querer - to refuse (preterite ending)

venir - to arrive/come

hacer - to make/prepare

J-Stem

J-Stem endings - (e, iste, o, imos, eron)

conducir - to drive

decir - to say/tell (e changes to i)

traer - to bring

bendecir - to bless, give a blessing

Imperfecto

-ar endings - (aba, abas, aba, ábamos, aban)

-ir & -er endings - (ía, ías, ía, íamos, ían)

ir - to go (iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, iban)

ser - to be (era, eras, era, éramos, eran)

ver - to see (veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veían)

concer - to know (imperfect meaning)

saber - to know (imperfect meaning)

poder - to be able / can (imperfect meaning)

no poder - not to be able / cannot (imperfect meaning)

querer - to want (imperfect meaning)

no querer - to not want (imperfect meaning)

Pretérito v. Imperfecto

How to tell it is Preterite

• Expresa acciones completadas en el pasado

• El comienzo (start) de una acción en el pasado

• El fin (end) de una acción en el pasado

• Narra eventos en el pasado / una serie de eventos

  
  

S - specific instance or a number of several instances

A - action that interrupts ongoing events

F - focus on the beginning or end of action

E - enclosed period of time

Algunas expresiones para el pretérito

• el lunes

• el sábado

• el fin de semana pasado

• ayer

• anteayer

• un día

• el día anterior

• la semana pasada

• de repente

• una vez

• alguna vez

• el verano pasado

• por fin

How to tell it is Imperfect

• acciones habituales o repetitivas en el pasado

• acción o estado en progreso en el pasado

• descripción en el pasado

  • características

  • condiciones

  • emociones

• la hora

• el tiempo

• la edad (age)

W - weather

A - age

T - time

E - emotion

R - repetition

S - setting (description)

Algunas expresiones para el imperfecto

• los lunes

• los sábados por la noche

• los fines de semana

• cada día

• todos los días

• cuando eras niño/a

• de niño/a

• durante tu niñez

• mientras

• siempre

• con frecuencia / frecuentemente

• todos los veranos

• todos las semanas

Accidental se

Verbs with impersonal se

acabar/terminar - to run out(of something)

borrar - to erase, to delete

caer - to fall

olvidar - to forget

perder - to lose

quedar - to remain / to leave (behind)

quemar - to burn

mojar - to get wet

romper - to break

Present Perfect & Pluperfect

Haber in present perfect

• Yo - he

• Tú - has

• Ud./Él/Ella - ha

• Nosotros - hemos

• Uds./Ellos/Ellas - han

Haber in pluperfect

• Yo - había

• Tú - habías

• Ud./Él/Ella - había

• Nosotros - habíamos

• Uds./Ellos/Ellas - habían

-ar verbs - -ado

-er/-ir verbs - -ido

Irregular forms

• abrir - abierto

• cubrir - cubierto

• decir - dicho

• descubrir - descubierto

• escribir - escrito

• hacer - hecho

• ir - ido

• morir - muerto

• poner - puesto

• resolver - resuelto

• romper - roto

• ver - visto

• volver - vuelto

ya - yet, already

ya no - not anymore, no longer

todavía / aún - still

todavía no / aún no - not yet/still … not

Estructuras 13 - Subjuntivo

-ar - e in the conjugations in the subjunctive

-er/-ir - a in the conjugations in the subjunctive

Ex:

• cantar (to sing) - (subjunctive conjugation) cante, cantes, cante, cantemos, canten

• correr (to run) - (subjunctive conjugation) corra, corras, corra, corramos, corran

• decidir (to decide) - (subjunctive conjugation) decida, decidas, decida, decidamos, decidan

-gar verbs - has -gu-

-car verbs - has -qu-

-zar verbs - has -c-

-cer/-cir - has -zc-

If the yo has an irregular form use it for the subjunctive

salir (to leave) - salga, salgas, salga, salgamos, salgan

oír (to hear) - oiga, oigas, oiga, oigamos, oigan

conocer (to know) - conozca, conozcas, conozca, conozcamos, conozcan

Stem-changing Examples

pensar (e to ie) (to think) - piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, piensen

*-ir verbs also have a stem-change in nosotros

divertir (e to ie) (to entertain) - divierta, diviertas, divierta, divirtamos, diviertan

morir (o to ue) (to die) - muera, mueras, muera, muramos, mueran

Irregular verbs

ir (to go) - vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayan

saber (to know) - sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepan
ser (to be) - sea, seas, sea, seamos, sean

Estructuras 14 - Los mandatos formales e infromales

Los mandatos de Ud. y Uds. - Use the present subjunctive

Los mandatos de tú afirmativos- similiar to third person singular in present indicative (i.e. -ar: ends in -a and -ir/-er: ends in -e)

Los mandatos de tú negativos - Use the tú form of the present subjunctive

Pronouns with commands

Affirmative Commands

• verb + pronouns(OI + OD)(one word)

  • Envíamela/Envíenmela - Send it to me

  • Guárdalo/Guárdelo - Save it

• verb + reflexive(one word)

  • Quédense/Quédate - Stay

Negative Commands

• no + pronouns(OI+OD) + verb(separate words)

  • No me la envíes/No me la envíen - Don’t send it to me

  • No lo guardes/No lo guarde - Don’t save it

• verb + reflexive(separate words)

  • No se queden / No te quedes - Do not stay

Subjective vs Indicative

Subjunctive

Necessity

• Es necesario que... - It is necessary that (indicates subjunctive)

• Es importante que... - It is important that (indicates subjunctive)

• El médico recomienda que... - The doctor recommends that (indicates subjunctive)

• Es urgente que... - It is urgent than (indicates subjunctive)

• Es mejor/peor que... - It is better/worse than (indicates subjunctive)

Uncertainty

• No estar seguro/a que... - To not be sure that (indicates subjunctive)

• Es posible que... - It is possible that (indicates subjunctive)

• Es imposible que... - It is impossible that (indicates subjunctive)

• Es probable que... - It is probable that (indicates subjunctive)

• Es improbable que... - It is improbable that (indicates subjunctive)

Doubt

• Dudar que... - To doubt that (indicates subjunctive)

• No creer que... - To not believe that (indicates subjunctive)

• No pensar que... - To not think that (indicates subjunctive)

• Negar (ie)(gu) que... - To deny that (indicates subjunctive)

• No estar seguro/a que.. - To not be sure that (indicates subjunctive)

Desire

• aconsejar - to advise (indicates subjunctive)

• Desear - to desire (as command) (indicates subjunctive)

• insistir en - to insist on (indicates subjunctive)

• ordenar - to order; to command (indicates subjunctive)

• pedir (i, i) - to ask for (indicates subjunctive)

• permitir - to permit (indicates subjunctive)

• prohibir (prohíbo) - to prohibit (indicates subjunctive)

• querer - to want; to love (indicates subjunctive)

• requerir (ie, i) - to require (indicates subjunctive)

• sugerir (ie, i) - to suggest (indicates subjunctive)

• suplicar (qu) - to beg (indicates subjunctive)

Emotion

• agradecer (zc) – to be grateful (indicates subjunctive)

• alegrar(se) (de) – to be happy (indicates subjunctive)

• avergonzar(se) (üe) (c) (de) – to be ashamed (indicates subjunctive)

• esperar – to hope/expect (indicates subjunctive)

• estar contento/a (de) – to be happy that (indicates subjunctive)

• gustar – to like (indicates subjunctive)

• lamentar – to lament, to be sorry (indicates subjunctive)

• molestar(se) (por) – to be bothered by (indicates subjunctive)

• parecer extraño – to seem strange (indicates subjunctive)

• ser una lástima – to be a pity/shame (indicates subjunctive)

• ser extraño/raro – to be unusual (indicates subjunctive)

• ser sorprendente – to be surprising (indicates subjunctive)

• ser necesario/urgente/mejor/peor – to be necessary/urgent/better/worse (indicates subjunctive)

• tener ganas (de) – to feel like; to want (indicates subjunctive)

• tener miedo – to fear (indicates subjunctive)

• ojalá (que) – I hope / I wish (indicates subjunctive)

Estructuras 17 - Palabras y expresiones absolutas e indefinidas

también - also

tampoco - neither, not… either

ni (…ni) - neither (…nor)

Estructuras 18 - El indicativo y el subjuntivo en cláusulas adjetivales

If you know it exist for a fact then use the indicative

If you do not know this exist for a fact then use the subjunctive