Western Civilization Carson Atwood Midterm

Unit 1 - Chapters 1 and 2 - The Origins of Civilization and Egypt

1. Question: By what levels of differentiation is a society defined as a civilization, in which military, religious, economic, and political control are based in cities?

   • Answer: WEALTH and POWER

2. Question: What major developments occurred during the Paleolithic Age (spanning from $2.5\text{ million}$ to $10{,}000$ years ago)?

   • Answer: Cave PAINTINGS, the division of labor between MEN and WOMEN, and the discovery of FIRE

3. Question: The Neolithic Revolution marked a transition away from hunting and gathering toward the systematic growing of what?

   • Answer: FOOD

4. Question: Which ancient settlement began in an area known as Sumer around $3000\text{ B.C.}$?

   • Answer: CATAL HUYUK

5. Question: Sargon the Great established the first empire in Mesopotamia as the founder of which empire?

   • Answer: AKKADIAN Empire

6. Question: Hammurabi, who developed a significant code of laws, was the most famous king belonging to which group of Babylonian rulers?

   • Answer: AMORITE

7. Question: What descriptive term refers to the style of Mesopotamian writing known as cuneiform?

   • Answer: WEDGE SHAPED

8. Question: The Epic of Gilgamesh is a great literary epic belonging to which ancient people?

   • Answer: SUMERIANS

9. Question: Which river was of paramount importance in the development and survival of Egyptian civilization?

   • Answer: NILE River

10. Question: Ancient history of which civilization is divided into three major periods: the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom?

    • Answer: EGYPTIAN

11. Question: During which kingdom of Egyptian history was the sun god Re recognized as their chief god?

    • Answer: OLD Kingdom

12. Question: What title did Egyptian rulers take on during the New Kingdom?

    • Answer: PHAROH

13. Question: Which process was the Egyptian god Osiris most closely associated with?

    • Answer: MUMIFICATION

14. Question: Hieroglyphics, consisting of symbols representing sounds and objects, was the primary writing system of which civilization?

    • Answer: EGYPTIAN

15. Question: The ancient Egyptian number system was based on which number?

    • Answer: $10$

16. Question: Which language group do Greek, Latin, Persian, and other related languages belong to?

    • Answer: INDO-EUROPEAN

Unit 2 - Chapter 3 - The Bronze Age and the Iron Age

1. Question: Geographically, on which island in the Mediterranean Sea was Minoan civilization located?

   • Answer: CRETE

2. Question: Linear A was the undeciphered primary script used in the palace and religious writings of which civilization?

   • Answer: MINOAN

3. Question: Which language group did the Mycenaeans belong to?

   • Answer: INDO-EUROPEAN

4. Question: What virtue of being a skilled warrior was considered the most important to the Mycenaeans?

   • Answer: GREATNESS IN COMBAT

5. Question: Linear B is known as the earliest written form of which language used by the Mycenaeans?

   • Answer: GREEK

6. Question: According to religious tradition, Abraham is considered the patriarch of which people?

   • Answer: HEBREW

7. Question: Which city is King David credited with founding, alongside being considered the greatest king of Israel?

   • Answer: JERUSALEM

8. Question: The Covenant, the Law, and the Prophets were three important aspects of which religious tradition?

   • Answer: JEWISH Religious Tradition

9. Question: What event, along with the destruction of Jerusalem in $586\text{ B.C.}$, did the Hebrews experience at the hands of the Chaldeans?

   • Answer: BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY

10. Question: A simplified alphabet and system of writing was the most important contribution of which people to the ancient Near East?

    • Answer: PHOENICIANS

11. Question: In addition to Egypt, the Assyrians were the warlike conquerors of which region?

    • Answer: MESOPOTAMIA

12. Question: Which civilization's military was renowned for using terror tactics, disciplined troops with iron weapons, and horse-drawn war chariots?

    • Answer: ASSYRIAN

13. Question: The construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon was an architectural achievement during the reign of which ruler?

    • Answer: NEBUCHADNEZZAR II

Unit 3 - Chapters 4, 5, and 6 - Archaic Greece, The Persian Wars, and Classical Greece

1. Question: During the Greek Archaic Age, what writing system component did the Greeks adopt from the Phoenicians?

   • Answer: ALPHABET

2. Question: The Iliad, which tells the story of the Trojan War and the wrath of Achilles, was a work composed by whom?

   • Answer: HOMER

3. Question: What Greek term denotes an independent, self-governing city-state?

   • Answer: POLIS

4. Question: What was the Greek military formation where soldiers stood shoulder to shoulder in ranks often eight men deep?

   • Answer: PHALANX

5. Question: Democracy involves rule by whom, without discrimination based on birth or wealth?

   • Answer: PEOPLE

6. Question: Which group in Athens faced severe economic problems caused by families being sold into slavery and turned power over to Solon?

   • Answer: ARISTOCRATS

7. Question: Cleisthenes initiated major political reforms that laid the foundation for Athenian what?

   • Answer: DEMOCRACY

8. Question: Cyrus the Great was the founder of which ancient empire?

   • Answer: PERSIAN Empire

9. Question: Who led the Athenians and their Greek allies to victory at the Battle of Marathon?

   • Answer: MILITADES

10. Question: Xerxes was the Persian ruler who led which massive invasion of Greece in $480\text{--}479\text{ B.C.}$ with a force of $150{,}000$ to $250{,}000$ men?

    • Answer: GREAT Invasion

11. Question: At the Battle of Thermopylae, King Leonidas led a heroic delaying action with $300$ warriors from which city-state?

    • Answer: SPARTANS

12. Question: Greek unity was shattered as a result of which protracted conflict?

    • Answer: PELOPONNESIAN War

13. Question: Herodotus wrote "The Persian Wars" and is traditionally honored with what title?

    • Answer: Father of HISTORY

14. Question: Socrates was forced to commit suicide by drinking hemlock for corrupting the youth of which city?

    • Answer: ATHENS

Unit 4 - Chapter 7 - The Hellenistic Age

1. Question: Hellenistic is the term used to describe the civilization, based on that of which culture, that developed following the conquests of Alexander the Great?

   • Answer: GREECE

2. Question: Philip II conquered Greece by defeating an alliance of Thebans and Athenians at which battle in $337\text{ B.C.}$?

   • Answer: Battle of CHAERONEA

3. Question: Alexander the Great was responsible more than anyone else for the widespread diffusion of which culture?

   • Answer: GREEK culture

4. Question: The Battle of Granicus River, the Battle of Issus, and the Battle of Gaugamela were famous battles commanded by whom?

   • Answer: ALEXANDER THE GREAT

5. Question: Which Hellenistic figure of Rhodes is best known for composing the epic poem "The Argonautica"?

   • Answer: APOLLONIUS of Rhodes

6. Question: Which philosophical system founded by Epicurus is sometimes referred to as the "Doctrine of pleasure"?

   • Answer: EPICUREANISM

7. Question: Which philosophy, founded by Zeno, emphasized the acceptance of fate and active participation in public life?

   • Answer: STOICISM

8. Question: Which thinker of Samos proposed the groundbreaking astronomical theory of a heliocentric universe?

   • Answer: ARISTARCHUS of Samos

9. Question: Which Hellenistic scholar is best known for determining the circumference of the Earth?

   • Answer: ERATOSTHENES

10. Question: Whose most famous contribution to mathematics was compiling "Elements," a comprehensive textbook on geometry?

    • Answer: EUCLID'S

11. Question: Which mathematician and engineer is best known for establishing the mathematical value of pi?

    • Answer: ARCHIMEDES

Unit 5 - Chapter 8 - The Roman Republic

1. Question: Etruscan and Greek cultures heavily influenced the early development of which city and civilization?

   • Answer: ROME

2. Question: During the Roman Republic, which magistrates served as the highest civil and military officials?

   • Answer: CONSULS

3. Question: Due to political inequality, the Struggle of the Orders occurred between Patricians and Plebeians, resulting in which group gaining more power?

   • Answer: PLEBIANS

4. Question: The Laws of the Twelve Tables governed civil and criminal disputes among which group of citizens?

   • Answer: ROMAN citizens

5. Question: The Battle of Cannae represented the greatest victory during the Second Punic War for which commander?

   • Answer: HANNIBAL'S

6. Question: Which Roman general defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama?

   • Answer: PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO

7. Question: The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between Rome and which North African power?

   • Answer: CARTHAGE

8. Question: Crassus and Pompey were the Roman commanders responsible for suppressing the Third Servile War led by which gladiator?

   • Answer: SPARTACUS

9. Question: Increased political instability in Rome was one significant outcome of the reform efforts of Tiberius and Gaius of which family?

   • Answer: GRACCHUS

10. Question: Which Roman general instituted military reforms—such as abolishing the property qualification for enlistment—that resulted in armies being more loyal to their generals than to Rome?

    • Answer: MARIUS

11. Question: Who set the example of using an army to seize power in Rome, ruled as dictator, attempted to restore the power of the Senate, and retired from politics in $79\text{ B.C.}$?

    • Answer: SULLA

12. Question: Julius Caesar, Marcus Crassus, and Pompey the Great formed which informal political alliance?

    • Answer: FIRST TRIUMVIRATE

13. Question: At the Battle of Actium in $31\text{ B.C.}$, whose forces defeated those of Mark Antony and Cleopatra?

    • Answer: OCTAVIAN'S

Unit 6 - Chapters 9 and 10 - The Roman Empire, the Late Empire, and Christianity

1. Question: The reign of Augustus is celebrated as a Golden Age for which empire?

   • Answer: ROME

2. Question: Which Julio-Claudian emperor persecuted Christians, reigned during the Great Fire of Rome in $64$, and was infamous for scandalous behavior?

   • Answer: NERO

3. Question: In $212$, what legal status was extended to all free inhabitants of the Roman Empire by the Antonine Decree?

   • Answer: CITIZENSHIP

4. Question: "Bread and Circuses" is an ancient Roman metaphor for the populace choosing food and entertainment over what?

   • Answer: FREEDOM

5. Question: The Jewish Diaspora is frequently associated with Jewish life following the destruction of what in Judea?

   • Answer: TEMPLE

6. Question: Who preached humility, charity, and brotherly love, wrote nothing down, was crucified, and had followers who called themselves Christians?

   • Answer: JESUS OF NAZARETH

7. Question: Developing the first coherent Christian theology was one of the key contributions of which early Christian apostle?

   • Answer: PAUL OF TARSUS'S

8. Question: The Edict of Milan in $313$, which officially tolerated Christianity, was issued by which Roman emperor?

   • Answer: CONSTANTINE

9. Question: In $380$, Theodosius the Great declared Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire through which edict?

   • Answer: Edict of THESSALONICA

10. Question: Who became the head of the church in the West based on the doctrine of "Petrine Primacy"?

    • Answer: POPE

11. Question: The First Council of Nicaea in $325$ produced which first uniform statement of Christian doctrine?

    • Answer: NICENE CREED

12. Question: Saint Benedict of Nursia created a monastic rule emphasizing communal life, prayer, study, and manual labor in what community?

    • Answer: MONASTERY

Unit 7 - Chapters 11 and 12 - Byzantium and the Rise of Islam

1. Question: Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, what was the surviving eastern half called that endured for another thousand years?

   • Answer: BYZANTINE EMPIRE

2. Question: Which emperor is regarded as the most significant 6th-century ruler of the Byzantine Empire?

   • Answer: Emperor Justinian (BYZANTINE Emperor)

3. Question: Completed in $537$, the Hagia Sophia stood as the world's largest Christian what at that time?

   • Answer: CHURCH

4. Question: The Iconoclasm Controversy in the 8th and 9th centuries within the Byzantine Empire was a dispute over the religious use of what?

   • Answer: IDOLS

5. Question: In $1071$, which group crushed the Byzantine army and captured Emperor Romanos Diogenes at the Battle of Manzikert?

   • Answer: Seljuk TURKS

6. Question: What city was the imperial capital of the Byzantine Empire?

   • Answer: CONSTANTINOPLE

7. Question: The Hegira, Muhammad's migration to Yathrib (Medina) in $622$, marks the beginning of what?

   • Answer: Islamic CALENDAR

8. Question: By the time of his death in $632$, who had successfully unified most of the Arab clans under Islam?

   • Answer: MUHAMMAD

9. Question: In Islam, what was Muhammad's primary religious role in delivering the definitive message of God?

   • Answer: Last PROPHET

10. Question: What is the holy scripture of Islam called?

    • Answer: QURAN

11. Question: Who led the Frankish and Burgundian forces at the Battle of Tours, halting the Muslim advance into Western Europe?

    • Answer: CHARLES MARTEL

12. Question: Centered in Damascus, Syria, which caliphate was the first stable Muslim state?

    • Answer: UMAYYAD Caliphate