Honors US History I Notes Jefferson-Jackson

a person or thing that is mysterious, puzzling, or difficult to understand. \n

America had problems due to their ongoing fighting, which threatened American shipping.
The British were seizing American ships and practicing impressment, while the French also captured American ships.
The Chesapeake incident in 1807, where the British attacked an American ship, fueled public outrage.
To remain neutral, Jefferson passed the Embargo Act, which banned all exports to foreign countries.
However, this hurt the US economy more than it hurt Britain or France.
Congress later revoked the Embargo Act, but trade with Britain and France remained restricted as they continued to capture American ships.

Presidency: Elected in 1808
Nickname: "Father of the Constitution"
Political Affiliation: Leading figure in the Democratic-Republican Party
Key Achievement: Repealed Jefferson's Embargo Act, which had hurt the US economy

Shawnee Indian Chief and religious leader
Actions:
* Helped form an American Indian Confederacy in the Northwest Territory.
* Rejected European-American influence and promoted intertribal unity.
Events:
* The Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811: William Henry Harrison led a US force to Prophetstown and destroyed it, defeating Tecumseh’s younger brother Tenskwatawa.

Cause: Resulted due to two main factors:
* Impressment of American sailors by the British
* Had territorial ambitions in Florida and the Northwest territory, and wanted action against Indigenous Peoples raiding their borders (believed to be backed by Britain)

Goals: War Hawks believed that Britain was violating America's right to "Free Trade"
Outcome: The war ended in a stalemate, with a treaty signed in Ghent in 1814. The treaty restored the pre-war status quo and addressed none of the underlying issues that had led to the conflict.

Key Figure: General Andrew Jackson, who had been winning battles and gaining fame
Objective: The British sought to gain control of the Mississippi River by attacking New Orleans
Strategy: Jackson's troops had dug trenches to defend themselves, and repeatedly killed British troops as they marched towards the trenches.
Outcome: The British suffered heavy losses, with over 2,000 dead, while only 7 Americans died. Jackson became a war hero as a result.
Historical Significance: The battle took place 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed to end the war, but due to the slow communication of the time, Jackson was not aware of the treaty and fought the battle regardless.

Background: 11 free states and 11 slave states; Missouri wants to be the 12th slave state
Main events:
  * Congressman James Tallmadge (D-R, NY) introduces the Tallmadge Amendment to prohibit further slavery, which is rejected by the Senate
  * The Compromise is passed, accepting Missouri as a Slave state and Maine as a Free state
  * Slavery was prohibited north of the North Parallel
  * Signed into law by President Monroe
Significance: Temporarily resolves the issue of slavery in the territories; marks the end of "The Era of Good Feelings"

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Candidates:
  * John Quincy Adams (MA) received 84 votes
  * Andrew Jackson (TN) received 99 votes
  * Henry Clay (KY) received 37 votes
  * William Crawford (GA) received 41 votes

Outcome:
  * Clay gave his support to Adams, which helped him win the presidency.
  * The election was decided by the electoral college, not the popular vote.
  * Following the election, many states moved to a popular vote system, further democratizing the election process.

Andrew Jackson nominated within the first year of the JQA Presidency, resigns Senate seat to show his seriousness
Newspaper editors conduct a mudslinging campaign against the candidates
Rachel Jackson's death due to the stress of the campaign
Andrew Jackson wins the election with a vote of 178-83
John Quincy Adams serves in the House of Representatives from 1831-1848.

Harvard Educated, son of John Adams, former ambassador to Russia, and Secretary of State.
Assertive intellectual, just like JA.
President from 1824-1828
His rise split the Democratic-Republicans into many different factions
Grand plans for increased infrastructure projects and education improvements were forced to be put on hold by political opposition by Jacksonians.
Tariff of Abominations put forward by John C. Calhoun and Martin Van Buren in 1828 was designed to make JQA look bad, and heavily impact the South while supporting northern manufacturing interests. Surprisingly passed, and flattened JQA’s chances of a second term.

Background:

Events:

Jackson views the Bank as unconstitutional and corrupt
Henry Clay seeks to make Bank War THE issue of the 1832 Presidential Election
Anti-Jacksonian parties are the Anti-Masons and the National Republicans
President of the bank Nicholas Biddle applies for an early recharter to open it up for debate in Congress
Jackson vetoed the bill and began withdrawing Federal holdings from the bank
Jackson won re-election in 1832 and destroyed the bank by investing in state-run and private banks, paying off the National debt in 1833
The panic of 1837 was caused by high inflation rates due to the regulation that the bank provided is gone & the Texas situation.
Anti-Jacksonian parties fuse to become The Whigs

Outcome: