Chapter 1-9 Notes

Urban Clusters and Population

  • Urban clusters consist of built-up areas surrounding urban areas.
  • In urban clusters, the population is 2,500,000. The population of Arlington in 1960 was 44,000.
  • McKinney's population today is approximately 215,000.
  • In 1990, McKinney's population was 21,000.

Metropolitan and Micropolitan Areas

  • Metropolitan statistical area:
    • An urbanized area including rural areas.
    • Adjacent counties with high population densities.
  • Micropolitan statistical area:
    • Similar to metropolitan areas but smaller.
    • Central city with a population of 60,000.
  • In 1990, McKinney was a micropolitan statistical area.
  • Now, McKinney is part of a metropolitan area.
  • Core-based statistical area:
    • Metropolitan or micropolitan statistical area.
    • Continuous area tied together by a community pattern.
  • Combined statistical area:
    • How people from McKinney might work in Downtown Dallas.

Megalopolis

  • Megalopolis: A collection of places/urban areas that blend into a continuous urban region.
  • Examples:
    • DFW (Dallas-Fort Worth):
      • Multiple cities, connected with each other in multiple suburban spaces.
    • Northeast Corridor:
      • Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, D.C.
      • Cities are within 3-4 hours of each other.
      • Densely populated.
    • Japan: Hokkaido Corridor:
      • Tokyo, Yotsama, Nagoya.

Urban Areas

  • Metropolitan area.
  • Micropolitan statistical area.
  • Municipality.
  • Urbanized area around the municipality.
  • Smaller municipalities.
  • Urban cluster that pulls it all together.
  • Larger areas include:
    • Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, D.C.
    • Short distance, largest concentration of people in the U.S.

Central Business District (CBD)

  • Downtown.
  • Most central place in the city.
  • High concentration of:
    • Public services.
    • Business services.
    • Consumer services.
  • Downtown Harlemson is supposed to be a downtown that pulls it all together.

Consumer Behavior

  • People are willing to go further downtown.
  • Department stores:
    • High threshold (need a lot of people and money).
    • Used to be located in central districts but are now relocating to suburban locations.
    • Examples: Target, Macy's.
  • Neiman Marcus in Downtown Dallas is in the Central Business District.

Central Business District (Continued)

  • Specialty stores with high ranges prefer to be located in the Central Business District.
  • Is it cheap to run a business in a downtown area? No.
  • Land is not cheap in the downtown area.
    • High demand and low supply.

City Structure

  • Mobile, Alabama, is similar to New York.
  • Does it have a lot of tall buildings? No.
  • They have business services.
  • They have residential services.
  • They have public services.
  • They have consumer services.
  • Definitely a downtown.

Land Competition

  • Central Business District accessibility produces extreme competition for the limited available land.
  • Limited land means high prices for everything: land, rent.
  • Manufacturing is excluded from the central business district due to expense and pollution.
  • Loft-style apartments for young people inside the couple are common in the Saint Louis' district.

City Development

  • Baltimore Harbor in 1903 vs. today:
    • More development and taller buildings.
    • Architecture and materials are different.
    • Increased population.
  • Montreal is not going up. It is going down.
  • Underground areas for people to shop and do things.

Underground Areas

  • Dallas has an underground area
    • Four to six, like, tourist people in the souvenir shops.

City Models

  • City models.

Concentric Zone Model

  • Notes: rings around.
  • City grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings, similar to the Von Thunen model.

Sector Model

  • Notes: sections.
  • City develops in a series of sections or sectors, where certain areas are better for various activities.

Multiple Nuclei Model

  • Notes: two nodes. Or multiple nodes.
  • City includes a CBD as well as other nodes around which activities occur.
Galactic (Cornfield) Model
  • Notes: connected by beltway or green city.
  • Area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and service nodes or DPI, tied together by a beltway or green city.
  • Examples:
    • Green Oaks is South 360.
    • 820 connects 20 East and West.
    • 635 is like a big loop.
    • In Houston, 610.
    • San Antonio, 410.

Concentric Zone Model (Continued)

  • Central Business District.
  • Transition zone (businesses, small businesses, light manufacturing).
  • Zone of independent workers' homes (older homes).
  • Zone for better residents (newer, bigger homes).
  • Commuter zone (exterior suburbs).

Sector Model (Continued)

  • Central Business District.
  • Transportation industry.
  • Low-income residents.
  • Middle-class residents.
  • High-income residents.
  • Segregation happening amongst incomes.

Multiple Nuclei Model (Continued)

  • Major city like Chicago will have a district as a city model.
  • Central Business District.
  • Other nuclei.
  • Wholesale and light manufacturing.
  • Heavy manufacturing (on the outskirts of the city).
  • Lower-income people.
  • Middle-income people.
  • Wealthier, high-income people.
  • Suburban space.

Social Area Analysis

  • The study of where people are bearing living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyles live within an urban area is called social area analysis.

Urban Planning

  • The question is who are the city planners and who's approving what they're doing?
  • The people that are in positions to approve things with the city are normally, like, the wealthier people.
  • Segregation with natives, Jewish people, and Irish people.
  • There's always a piece segregations that are happening.
  • The wealth that people had in each of those groups people
    became, and so it keeps those things segregated.
  • Basically, the solution to a lot of the problems that we have is more that everybody just live amongst each other.

School Funding

  • Think about the schools that we call good schools, and think about the schools that we call bad schools.
  • Where are the schools that are bad schools? They're in lower income spaces.
  • Where are the schools that are good schools? Normally higher income spaces relative to whatever spaces we're talking about.
  • The number one indicator is for a person's score. The education level level of your family. How educated are the parents?
  • Tax rates of what kind of tax? Kind of right. Not income. Property taxes.
  • Were talking about the Robinhood. What they were basically saying was, why don't we just take all the money of all the schools of all the districts, all the property taxes, put it in one pot, and then break it up evenly amongst all the high school in And people in wealthy districts were like, no.

Census Tracts

  • Urban areas in The United States are divided into census tract that each contain approximately 5,000 residents and correspond where possible with those neighborhoods.

City Models and Demographics

  • Concentric zoning model suggests that households with older homes are much more likely to live in the inner city under their ring, and the household in the newer on the outer ring.
  • Second model, listed, we're looking. Suggests that the household with a more modest is unlikely to live in the same sector of the city of the household with higher income. Is segregated by income.
  • The nuclei model suggests a little different. People with the same ethnic racial background are likely to live near each other.

San Antonio Analysis

  • The ages of the houses. What kind of house are kind of in this area? The houses. The older houses.
  • The black people in San Diego living where? Older houses.
  • New houses are being built on the outskirts.
  • The newer houses.

Car-Dependent Cities

  • Dallas is a newer city, and built around February, as is DFW as a whole, built around cars.

European Patterns (Continued)

  • US cities in the South and West are also built around cars.
  • Close to downtown, there are cheaper older houses, but in Europe, the closer you are to downtown, the more expensive it is.
  • When you're in Europe, the closer you are to downtown, the more expensive things are gonna be.
  • Here in The United States, we drive, so it can take us the same amount of time to get to Downtown Fulbright to my favorite, like, my favorite theater.

Contrasting European Patterns

  • European patterns differ from The United States.
  • The central business districts will have high density residential areas.
  • It will also feature consumer services directly to a residential population because they're going to have more people that live in that space in close proximity.
  • Hundred year old parks plus more than more than hundred years old parks.
  • The historic core will be preserved.
  • In Europe, they preserve their old buildings.
  • Skyscrapers will not be absent but found outside the central business district.
  • Higher income residences will be in the center.
  • Lower income on the periphery.
  • This is kind of a dynamic worldwide, bitch. Very general.

Paris Analysis

  • Oldest area is where the Louvre is, where the Mona Lisa is.
  • In European buildings, there are commercial services with residents on top.
  • Downtown Downtown Arlington Downtown Arlington, they have a building where they have shops at the bottom and they have apartments on the top.

Developing World Cities

  • The ancient and medieval structure of cities in the developing world was influenced by the cultural values of the people living there.
  • Very large amount of those places were colonized.
  • So what they normally did was one of two things. Either one, they took the original city, like the traditional city that was there, and they built right next to it.
  • Or two, they destroyed the city and built on top of it, aka Mexico City. Are we good?

City Examples

  • Living in Beijing. This used to be Dazoo. This is the name of the city. This is the old part of the city. There's the bell tower. There's a drum tower. There's a central tower.
    ## Beijing
  • Beijing was built on the outside of Old Beijing.
  • Medina in Saudi Arabia.

Concentric Zone Model (Developing Countries)

  • The inner rings house higher income people, and the outer rings are informal settlements on the outs of, like, your developing country's cities, aka the shanty towns, the favelas.
    Settlements not municipalities. They can’t afford to live in the city, working there close proximity to the city so they just build houses little houses (shacks).

Social Stratification and Opportunity