UNIT № 9

THIRD DECLENSION (DECLINATIO TERTIA)

Common Characteristics

• The third declension consists of nouns of all three genders.
• Subgroups based on the stem ending:
  • Third consonant declension (consonant stem)
  • Third vocal declension (-i- vowel stem)
  • Third mixed declension (mixed stem)

THIRD CONSONANT DECLENSION (DECLINATIO TERTIA CONSONANS)

• Nouns with a stem ending in a consonant.
• In the Nominative singularis, these nouns have different endings.
• In the Genitive singularis, they typically end in -is.
• Characteristic feature: Imparisyllabic (one syllable more in Genitive singular than in Nominative singular).

Example

• Nom. sg.: corpus (body) - 2 syllables
• Gen. sg.: cor-pō-ris - 3 syllables

Finding the Practical Stem

• The practical stem is determined by removing the ending -is from the Genitive singular.

  • Example:
  • Nom. sg.: operatio
  • Gen. sg.: operation-is
  • Stem: operation-
  • Meaning: operation

Dictionary Forms of Third Consonant Declension Nouns

• Given with the full form for Nominative singular, ending for Genitive singular, part of the stem, and gender noted:
  • pollex, ĭcis m – thumb
  • forceps, cipis m, f – pliers
  • cavitas, ātis f – cavity
  • bronchitis, itidis f – bronchitis
  • pulmo, ōnis m – lung
  • ulcus, ĕris n – ulcer

ENDINGS OF NOUNS IN THIRD CONSONANT DECLENSION

Masculine and Feminine Nouns

• Singularis
  • Nom.: different endings
  • Gen.: -is
  • Acc.: -em
  • Abl.: -e
• Pluralis
  • Nom.: -es
  • Gen.: -um
  • Acc.: -es
  • Abl.: -ibus

Neuter Nouns Endings

• Singularis
  • Nom.: different endings
  • Gen.: -is
  • Acc.: -same as Nom
  • Abl.: -e
• Pluralis
  • Nom.: -a
  • Gen.: -um
  • Acc.: -a
  • Abl.: -ibus

Stems of Third Consonant Declension Nouns

Masculine Nouns

1. Nom. Sg.: -or

   • Gen. Sg.: -oris
   • Examples:
     • calor, caloris m – heat
     • dolor, doloris m – pain
     • rubor, rubōris m – redness
     • tumor, tumōris m – swelling

2. Nom. Sg.: -er

   • Gen. Sg.: -eris
   • Example: ureter, eris m – ureter

3. Nom. Sg.: -es

   • Gen. Sg.: -edis/etis
   • Examples:
     • pes, pedis m – foot
     • herpes, herpetis m – herpes
     • paries, parietis m – wall

4. Nom. Sg.: -ex/-ax

   • Gen. Sg.: -icis/-acis
   • Examples:
     • apex, apicis m – apex
     • pollex, pollicis m – thumb
     • cortex, corticis m – cortex

5. Nom. Sg.: -0

   • Gen. Sg.: -onis/-inis
   • Examples:
     • carbo, carbonis m – charcoal
     • pulmo, pulmonis – lung
     • homo, hominis m – human

6. Nom. Sg.: -en

   • Gen. Sg.: -enis
   • Examples:
     • ren, renis m – kidney
     • lien, lienis m – spleen

7. Nom. Sg.: -is

   • Gen. Sg.: -inis **
   • Example:**
     • sanguis, sanguinis m – blood

Feminine Nouns

1. Nom. Sg.: -ix

   • Gen. Sg.: -icis
   • Examples:
     • cervix, cervicis f – cervix
     • radix, radicis f – root
     • cicatrix, cicatricis f – scar

2. Nom. Sg.: -io

   • Gen. Sg.: -ionis
   • Examples:
     • abrasio, abrasionis f – skin removal
     • emulsio, emulsionis f – emulsion

3. Nom. Sg.: -tio

   • Gen. Sg.: -tionis
   • Examples:
     • amputatio, onis f – amputation
     • aspiratio, aspirationis f – aspiration

4. Nom. Sg.: -tas

   • Gen. Sg.: -tatis
   • Examples:
     • graviditas, graviditatis f – pregnancy
     • obesitas, obesitatis f – obesity

5. Nom. Sg.: -go

   • Gen. Sg.: -ginis
   • Examples:
     • cartilago, cartilaginis f – cartilage
     • virgo, virginis f – virgin

6. Nom. Sg.: -is

   • Gen. Sg.: -idis
   • Examples:
     • iris, iridis f – iris
     • carotis, carotidis f – carotid artery

7. Nom. Sg.: -itis

   • Gen. Sg.: -itidis
   • Examples:
     • gastritis, gastritidis f – inflammation of stomach
     • rhinitis, rhinitidis f – inflammation of nose

Neuter Nouns

1. Nom. Sg.: -ma/oma/ema

   • Gen. Sg.: -matis/omatis/ematis
   • Examples:
     • carcinoma, carcinomatis n – cancer
     • symptomata, symptomatis n – symptom sign

2. Nom. Sg.: -us

   • Gen. Sg.: -eris/oris/uris
   • Examples:
     • vulnus, vulneris n – wound
     • latus, lateris n – side

3. Nom. Sg.: -men

   • Gen. Sg.: -minis
   • Examples:
     • foramen, foraminis n – foramen
     • lumen, luminis n – cavity/channel

Other Notable Neuter Nouns

• hepar, hepatis n – liver
• caput, capitis n – head
• cor, cordis n – heart
• femur, femoris n – thigh bone
• occiput, occipitis n – back of the head
• pancreas, pancreatis n – pancreas
• os, oris n – mouth

Additional Notes to the Third Consonant Declension

1. Use of Term "Sectio"

• Sectio: meaning cutting off or up, from latin secāre (to cut).
• Sectio caesarea: Cesarean section, surgical method of delivery through abdominal incision.

2. Types of Muscles

• Examples include:
  • m. abductor – muscle that draws a body part away
  • m. adductor – muscle that draws a body part toward
  • m. extensor – muscle producing extension
  • m. sphincter – circular muscle that constricts

3. Wounds and Ulcers

• Types of wounds include:
  • vulnus apertum – open wound
  • vulnus contusum – contused wound
  • ulcus callosum – callous ulcer

Phonetic Features of Third Consonant Declension Nouns

1. Change of endings for stems ending in -c- and -g- with -s.
2. Dropping consonants -d- and -t- before the ending -s.

Exercises

1. Decline the nouns: extremitas, extremitātis f (limb)
2. Noun Forms in the Dictionary:
   • Example: Nom. sg.: sectio; Gen. sg.: sectionis
   • Example: Nom. sg.: vulnus; Gen. sg.: vulneris

Note: Extensive examples provided further in this document.

UNIT No 10

THIRD VOCAL DECLENSION (DECLINATIO TERTIA VOCALIS)

• Includes feminine and neuter nouns with stems ending in -i-.
  • Feminine nouns: End in -is in both Nominative and Genitive singular.
  • Neuter nouns: End in -e, -al, or -ar in Nominative singular and -is in Genitive singular.

Feminine Nouns

• Common terms include tussis (cough), febris (fever), sitis (thirst).

Neuter Nouns

• Examples include rete – network, gene – gene, animal – animal.

Summary of Noun Endings

Additionally…

More grammatical structures can be derived from Latin terms and their meanings using these noun forms and their possible translations.