2nd apush

NAWSA (National American Woman Suffrage Association): Led the push for women’s right to vote.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony: Key leaders in women’s suffrage.
WCTU (Women's Christian Temperance Union): Pushed for prohibition and women’s rights.

Andrew Carnegie: Steel magnate; supporter of Gospel of Wealth.
John D. Rockefeller: Oil magnate; founder of Standard Oil Company.
Cornelius Vanderbilt: Railroad tycoon.
Jane Addams: Social reformer who founded Hull House.
W.E.B. DuBois: Early civil rights leader, co-founder of NAACP; pushed for immediate equality.
Booker T. Washington: Advocated for vocational education and economic self-help for African Americans.

Cornelius Vanderbilt
- Industry: Railroads and Shipping
- Key Fact: Built a railroad empire connecting the U.S.; symbol of ruthless business practices.
Andrew Carnegie
- Industry: Steel
- Key Fact: Dominated the steel industry with Carnegie Steel; believed in the "Gospel of Wealth" (the rich should give back to society).
John D. Rockefeller
- Industry: Oil
- Key Fact: Founded Standard Oil; used trusts and monopolies to control almost all U.S. oil production.
J.P. Morgan
- Industry: Banking and Finance
- Key Fact: Powerful banker who consolidated industries (like steel) and bailed out the U.S. government during financial crises.
James J. Hill
- Industry: Railroads (Great Northern Railway)
- Key Fact: Built railroads without government subsidies; seen as a slightly "better" Robber Baron.

Spanish-American War (1898): Conflict where the U.S. defeated Spain, gaining control of the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico; "splendid little war."
Philippine Insurrection: Emilio Aguinaldo led a failed rebellion against U.S. annexation after Spain lost the Philippines.
Alfred Thayer Mahan: Wrote The Influence of Sea Power Upon History — argued naval power = world power.
Open Door Policy: U.S. push to keep China open to all nations for trade; led by John Hay.
Boxer Rebellion: Anti-foreign uprising in China crushed by international forces, including the U.S.
Roosevelt Corollary: TR's addition to the Monroe Doctrine — U.S. can intervene in Latin America to maintain stability.
Big Stick Diplomacy: Theodore Roosevelt's idea — negotiate peacefully but back it with military force.
Panama Canal: Built under TR, connecting Atlantic and Pacific Oceans to boost U.S. trade/military.

Progressivism: Movement to fix problems caused by industrialization (trusts, corruption, inequality).
Muckrakers: Journalists who exposed corruption and social issues (e.g., Ida Tarbell, Standard Oil).
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911): Deadly factory fire; led to stronger labor and safety laws.
17th Amendment: Direct election of senators.
18th Amendment: Prohibition of alcohol (later repealed).
19th Amendment: Women's right to vote.
Square Deal: TR's domestic program — control corporations, consumer protection, conserve natural resources.
The Jungle: Upton Sinclair’s book exposing meatpacking horrors; led to the Pure Food and Drug Act.

American Expeditionary Force (AEF): U.S. troops sent to Europe, led by General John J. Pershing.
Zimmerman Note: German proposal to Mexico to attack the U.S.; helped push America into WWI.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points: Plan for world peace, including League of Nations (failed in U.S. Senate).
Treaty of Versailles: Ended WWI; punished Germany harshly; U.S. refused to join League of Nations.
League of Nations: Wilson's dream of global peacekeeping organization; the U.S. never joined.
Isolationism: U.S. policy after WWI to avoid foreign entanglements.

Great Migration: Movement of African Americans from the rural South to northern cities during WWI.
Red Scare (1919–1920): Fear of communism after Russian Revolution; led to raids on radicals.
Immigration Acts (1921 & 1924): Set strict immigration quotas favoring Northern Europeans.
Harlem Renaissance: Explosion of African American culture, music, and writing (Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong).
KKK (1920s Revival): White supremacist group targeting Blacks, immigrants, Catholics, Jews.
Scopes "Monkey" Trial (1925): Clash over teaching evolution in schools; science vs. fundamentalism.

Mass Culture: Rise of radio, movies, celebrities (Babe Ruth, Charlie Chaplin).
Henry Ford & the Model T: Made cars affordable; revolutionized American society.
Flappers: Young women who challenged traditional roles through fashion and behavior.
Prohibition ("Noble Experiment"): Ban on alcohol; increased organized crime (e.g., Al Capone).
Lost Generation: Writers disillusioned by WWI and American materialism (Hemingway, Fitzgerald).
Marcus Garvey: Black nationalist who led the UNIA; promoted African pride and a return to Africa.

📝 Quick "Need to Know" People:

Person	Why They're Important
Theodore Roosevelt	Progressive reformer, "trust buster," conservationist, imperialist leader.
Woodrow Wilson	Progressive president, WWI leader, pushed League of Nations.
John J. Pershing	Led U.S. forces in WWI.
Henry Cabot Lodge	Opposed U.S. entry into League of Nations.
Alfred Thayer Mahan	Promoted strong navy for world power.
Langston Hughes	Leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance.
Marcus Garvey	Early Black pride leader.
Andrew Mellon	Treasury Secretary favoring low taxes for the wealthy.

7.1: Struggles with industrialization, economic uncertainty, urbanization, migration.
7.2: Mass culture via tech + transportation; cultural conflicts rise.
7.3: Global conflicts force U.S. into dominant international role.

Foreign Policy:

Economy:

Presidents: