AP Psyc Test
Emotion-focused coping - This type of coping involves ignoring the stressor and instead focusing on managing the emotions caused by the stressor
Cultural influence on emotion -
Spillover effect - When our arousal response to one event spills over into a response to the next event
Display rules - The acceptable ways of displaying emotion in the given society are universal facial expressions. This influences the outward expression of emotions.
General Adaptation Syndrome - Describes the body's short-term and long-term reactions to stress
Alarm - The initial reaction to stress, where the body recognizes the threat
Resistance - The body seems to adapt to the presence of stress
Exhaustion - the body depleats its resources
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs - Individuals are motivated based on their current state. It's like a pyramid, you can’t move up the pyramid without developing your base
Physiological needs - Stage one: air, water, food, shelter, sleep, clothing, reproduction, basic needs
Safety needs - Stage two: personal security, employment, resources, health, property
Love and belonging - Stage three: friendship, intimacy, family, sense of connection
Esteem - Stage four: Respect, self-esteem, status, recognition, strength, freedom
Self-Actualization - Stage five: Desire to become the most that one can be
Yerkes-Dodson Law - Performance increases with arousal but only up to a certain point. If someone goes beyond that point, they will get worse.
Instinct theory - Motivation is connected to genetics
Drive reduction theory - We are always trying to keep our body at homeostasis, something that occurs in life that takes our body out of homeostasis, so motivation is based on our primary need.
Arousal theory - arousal can motivate you to do things, like being nervous will enable you to study more for a test. When someone is over aroused and stressed, they give up.
Cognitive dissonance - our body has a cognitive system that needs to stay constant; if something happens that isn't in line with our mind's consistency, we go into a physiological state that will motivate us to go back to consistency
James-Lang theory - our emotions are reactions or boldly responses to a stimulus
Stimulus → physiological arousal → emotional experience
Cannon-Bard Theory - Our body responds physiologically to a stimulus, a the same time our brain is having an emotional response to that stimulus
Are separate but happen at the same time
Schachter Two-Factor Theory - We have to be physiologically aroused by a stimulus as well as cognitively interpret the physical state in order to feel emotion
Physical arousal + Cognitive label of arousal = emotion
Cognitive Appraisal Theory - The thought that we look back on a situation and consciously decide how we should feel about the situation.
Opponent processing theory - The theory that we trigger one emotion by suppressing its opposite emotion.
Attachment styles - Children and how attached they are to their mother
Secure attachment - When a stranger enters the room, the child would run to their mother for comfort, and when the mother leaves, the child will cry and stop when she returns
Most common
Insecure avodiace - the child couldn't care less if the mother left or returned
Usually due to distant mothers
Insecure resistance - The child is clingy to the mother and distrustful of them.
Caused by controlling mothers'
cognitive development theory - Jean Piaget
Formal Operational - puberty, thinks abstractly, thinks ahead, thinks with hypothetical situations using different techniques (12 and up)
Concrete operational - logical about specific objects, not ideas, can focus on two dimensions of a problem at the same time, understand the laws of conservation, less egocentric (7 to 11)
Preoperational - Believes that inanimate objects are alive and conscious (2 to 7)
Sensorimotor - Natural events are made by people (2 years)
Conservation - The knowledge that the quantitative properties of objects (such as mass, volume, and number) remain the same despite changes
Like the water and the beaker experiment
fluid intelligence - The ability to think logically and solve problems
Maturation - The physical development of a person. First you roll over, then crawl, then walk, then run.
sensitive/ critical period - The period in life where it is easiest to learn and develop new experiences and abilities. Learning a new language is easier to learn when you are a baby.
Menarche - A girl's first menstrual period
Identity versus role confusion - Teens must achieve self-identity while deciphering their roles in occupation, politics, and religion. Can develop a negative identity, important with friends.
Teratogens - Harful agents to the prenatal environment
Temperament - Your innate traits that influence your behavior, emotional responses, and personality.
object permanence - The knowledge that an object exists independent of perceptual contact, like a baby and peekaboo
industry versus inferiority - The child must feel competent while risking a sense of inferiority and failure, important at school (6 to 12).
Intimacy versus isolation - The young adult must develop marriage-seeking relationships while combating feelings of isolation, important in relationships. Further career or get married? (young adult)
psychosocial theory of development - The changes and growth that occur in an individual's social relationships and psychological state.
Schema - Organized units of knowledge about objects, events, and actions
Assimilation - The interpretation of new experiences in terms of present schemes.
A child can identify a different dog breed as a dog becuase they know dogs have four legs, a tail, and fur.
Accommodation - The modification of present schemes to fit with new experiences
When the child sees a cat and says it's a dog because of the scheme they have of a dog, which is something with four legs, a tail, and fur.
Contact Comfort - Security that infants feel from physical touch
Big Five personality traits - Is on a sliding scale
Openness - Imagination, feelings, actions, ideas
Conscientiousness - Competence, self-discipline, thoughtfulness, goal-driven
Extraversion - sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression
Agreeableness - cooperative, trustworthy, good-natured
Neuroticism - Tendency toward unstable emotions
Social cognitive view of personality - The idea that personality is a result of learning, perception, and social interactions. We are not only driven by inner forces and the environment, but also expectations about how those actions will affect other people (Albert Bandura)
Self-actualization - Concept introduced by Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs and it is the motivation to fulfill one's potential.
trait theory of personality - Personality is a composite of traits.
psychoanalytic theory of personality - The unconscious was a source of powerful impulses, instincts, motives, and conflicts that energize personality. Motives stem from our unconscious and early childhood experiences.
Projection - Placing one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts belonged to them and not to oneself
Displacement - Expressing feelings that would be threatening if directed at the real target onto a less threatening substitute target
Denial - refusal to recognize or acknowledge a threatening situation
Rationalization - Making up acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior
Repression - Pushing threatening, or conflicting events or situations out of conscious memory
Reaction Formation - Forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the opposite of one’s threatening or unacceptable actual thoughts
Sublimation - Turning socially unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behavior
Humanistic theories - Focuses on our inner capacities of growth and self fulfillment. Our personality is driven by the need to adapt and learn (Maslow's hierarchy of needs).
Temperament - The natural aspects of an individual's personality.
Unconditional positive regard - The basic acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does
Trait - We have central traits (core of personality), secondary traits (attitudes and preferences), and cardinal traits (define people's lives).
Projective tests - A personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
Rorschack inkblot - A set of 10 inkblots designed that seek to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots, which also assess the unconscious.
TAT - When people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
free association - IS a technique used in psychoanalysis that encourages the patient to say whatever comes to mind without censorship or filtering. It helps bypass the conscious filters that typically govern our thoughts, which allows us to understand unconscious influences.