APUSH Reading Guide: Chapter 2: Transformations of North America [pg.40-72]

American Experiments

pg40

Chattel Slavery

The ownership of human beings as property.

pg41

Power & Race in the Chesapeake (img)

pg41,52

Lord Baltimore

The catholic aristocrat who sought to build a sanctuary for his fellow believers.
Pushed for religious freedom, founded the Maryland colony.

Spain’s Tribute Colonies

pg42 Encomiendas	A front of Indian labor in Spanish America by the Spanish kings to prominent men. They extracted tribute from these Indians in exchange for granting them protection and Christian instruction.
pg42 Casta system	Spanish system linking race and economic status with social status.
pg44 Colombian Exchange	The massive global exchange of living things, including people, animals, plants and disease, between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres that began after the voyages of Columbus.
pg44 King Henry VIII	Religious conflict disrupted England; broke with the Catholic church. Protestant Reformation. Catholicism vs. Protestantism. Queen Elizabeth makes Protestantism dominant in England rivaled with Catholic Spain.
pg46,47 Plantation Colonies	Plantation colonies, typically organized around large estates rather than small holdings, exploited slave labor.
pg46,47 Brazil’s Sugar Plantations	Thousands of African Slaves worked in Caribbean and Brazilian sugar plantations.
pg47,48 England’s Chesapeake Colonies	Both the Chesapeake and Southern colonies had rich soil and temperate climates which made large-scale plantation farming possible.
pg48 James Settlement	Established on the peninsula- of the James river in a low swampy area. The efforts to make this settlement habitable failed every time.
pg48 Joint-stock corporation	In these companies, a number of investors pooled their capital and received shares of stock in proportion to their share of the total investment.
pg49 John Rolfe	Peace settlement ended first Anglo-Powhatan war. Sealed by marriage of Pocahontas. 1st known interracial union died when punitive raids began shortly after.
pg50,51 Matoaka (Pocahontas)	James “saved” by Pocahontas at mock execution (to show Natives desire for peaceful relations). Married John Rolfe and went to Britain.
pg52 House of Burgesses	Government in colonial Virginian made up of an assembly of representatives elected by the colony's inhabitants.
pg52 Royal Colony	A royal colony was chartered by the crown. The colony's governor was appointed by the crown and served according to the instructions of the Board of Trade (the British rules).
pg54 Headright system	A system of land distribution, pioneered in Virginia and used in several other colonies, that granted land usually 50 acres -- to anyone who paid the passage of a new arrival.
pg53,55 What role did climate and ecology play in American colonization?	Shaped agriculture and settlement. The plantation system in the South and mixed farming in the North.
pg54,55 Indentured servitude	In exchange for agreeing to work for four or five years (or more) without wages in the colonies, indentured workers received passage across the Atlantic, room and board, and status as a free person at the end of the contract period.
pg55,56 African laborers	Slaves brought from Africa to the American colonies to work on plantations and other labor - intensive jobs.

Neo-European Colonies

pg56,58 New France	A colony established by the French in Canada, most notably in Quebec in 1608. The first major settlement of the french in the Americas. notably caused wars and conflicts.
pg58,60 New Netherland	New York
pg60 Rise of the Iroquois	League of five Native American nations: The Mohawks Oneidas Onondagas Cayugas Senecas ( Sixth nation, the Tuscaroras, joined later 1720 )
pg60,61 Pilgrims	One of the first Protestant groups to come to America, seeking a separation from the Church of England. They founded Plymouth, the first permanent community in New England, in 1620.
pg61,62 Puritans	Dissenters from the Church of England who wanted a genuine Reformation rather than the partial Reformation sought by Henry 8. Puritans' religious principles emphasized the importance of an individual's relationship with God and their hard work.
pg61,62 John Winthrup & Massachusetts Bay	Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, formed the colony’s government and shaped its legislative policy. “city on a hill” - what John Winthrop said that their puritan model societies should be (better than everyone else’s societies.)
pg62 Roger Williams & Rhode Island	Roger Williams was a Puritan minister who founded Rhode Island after being expelled from Massachusetts because of his beliefs on the separation of the church and state + freedom of religion. Rhode Island is first colony to establish freedom of religion.
pg62 Anne Hutchinson	Challenged the Puritan orthodoxy. Banished from Massachusetts, then settled in Rhode Island.
pg63,64 Puritanism & Witchcraft	Puritanism intended to purify the church of England and establish a theocratic society. Witchcraft accusations (Salem Witch Trails. 1692) leg to the persecution of alleged witches.
pg64 Yeoman Society	Class of small scale farmers who owned and worked on their own land. Self-sufficient.
pg66,67 Puritan-Pequot War	A war between English settlers in the Connecticut valley and the pequot natives of the region. The natives were almost wiped out in the conflict. For more land.

War & Rebellion on North America

pg67

Metacom’s War

also known as “king philips war”
War between the native american tribes and the new England colonists. The war was fueled by tension of land disagreements,

pg70,71

Bacon’s Rebellions

Armed uprising led by Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia’s colonial government.
Fueled by lack of protection against native attacks + corruption.

How did the Columbian exchange facilitate a European shift away from feudalism towards capitalism?

The Colombian Exchange provided new resources such as agricultural products and livestock, fostered trade, and mobilized labor (less serfdom bc more trade, easier ability to gain wealth), contributed to the decline of feudalism and the rise of capitalism.

Historians have argued that 1619 was a major turning point in the history of Virginia as this was the year the first slavers were brought there and the House of Burgesses was formed. Which of these events do you believe was the most significant turning point and why, support your answer with facts as well as analysis.

I believe that the formation of the House of Burgresses was more significant than the arrival of the first slaves. The House of Burgresses established the early frameworks of our current democratic system. This allowed for the colonists to have a say in government, a privilege that is a principle of our country.

Compare and contrast the two labor systems of Indentured Servitude and African slave labor by creating a Venn Diagram in the space below.

Indentured Servitude	Both	African Slave Labor
Limited term of service	Driven by $ motives / need for labor	Permanent, lifelong
Voluntary (or semi voluntary bc it was the only option for some.)	Contributed to the colony	Hereditary
Promised freedom or land	Created hierarchies / social class systems	Enslaved individuals had no legal rights / were property
Varied conditions, often harsh		Extreme or brutal conditions

Briefly describe major differences between French and British colonization in the New World.

	French colonization	British colonization
focus :	trade and alliance with native americans, primarily fur	establishment of permanent settlements and agricultural economies
settlements :	established few permanent settlements, mostly trade and missionary	lots of colonies, mostly agriculture, trade, and expansion
relations with native americans :	generally cooperative, formed alliances	conflicts, mostly over land
geography :	canada, mississippi river valley, and Caribbean	east coast
$ :	fur trading, exploration	agriculture, tobacco and cotton cashcrops —-

Compare and contrast the Spanish Encomienda System with either Indentured Servitude or African slavery.

	Spanish encomienda system	african slavery
labor source :	indigenous peoples forced into labor by spanish rule	forcibly brought to the americas
structure :	“encomenderos” were granted control over indigenous peoples, labor for protection and Christianization	considered property with no legal rights
duration :	lifelong, hereditary	lifelong, hereditary
impact :	lose of culture, decline of population because of harsh conditions and spread of disease

Briefly describe the goals of the Puritans who settled in Massachusetts Bay and explain how those goals influenced the development of government and settlements in this colony.

The puritans who settled in the Massachusetts Bay colony aimed to create a “city upon a hill”. This includes a theocratic gov. based on their religious beliefs and close community. Their strict religious beliefs established a colony with strict codes and a focus on hard work and discipline.

Two famous dissidents of Puritanism were Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson. Which of them do you believe was the greatest threat to Puritan leadership and why?

Roger Williams was the bigger threat to Puritan leadership because Williams had problems with the religious differences such as the separation of church and the state but also the undermining of the puritan theocratic control. Anne Hutchinson, while a threat, focused mostly on the religious doctrines and church leadership of the puritans.

Historians have long argued that rebellions such as Nathaniel Bacon’s in 1675 were a result of tensions between back country settlers and the coastal elite. Analyze the validity of this statement. (Hint: In what ways was it true? In what ways was it false?)

True:

Backcountry settlers may feel isolated, underprotected, and with less of a voice.
Economic difference.

False:

While class is important, the rebellion was also influenced by specific local issues such as Native relations and land disputes.