Physical Impairments (PI) & Other Health Impairments (OHI)

Physical Impairments (PI) & Other Health Impairments (OHI)

Presented by Arriola, Larosa, Masakayan, and Mendoza.

Icebreaker and Game 1: Bingo

The class is divided into 8 groups, each with a bingo card. Words are divided into three categories:

  • History

  • Attitudes toward disabilities

  • Milestones in legislation, acts, and laws

Each word picked by the host corresponds to specific points:

  • 1 point for historical category

  • 2 points for terms related to attitudes toward disabilities

  • 3 points for milestones in legislation

The first group to find the word raises their hand to be marked as the point receiver.

Historical Labels

  • Crippled: Derived from ‘cryppan’ or ‘deformed’; historically used for people with physical disabilities like amputations, paralysis, or cerebral palsy.

  • Invalid: Used to call PWDs weak and to define their position in society as insignificant because they cannot contribute economically; means ‘not strong’ or unable to physically fend for themselves.

  • Handicapped: Derived from the history of PWDs experiencing beggary; cap-in-hand/hand-in-cap was used for begging.

  • Disabled: Terminology that arose after the disability rights movement, reflecting more compassionate views.

Attitudes & Actions

  • Divine Punishment: In ancient to middle ages, disabilities were believed to result from supernatural occurrences like curses or divine punishment due to a lack of scientific explanation. It was either a ‘blessing of God’ or a ‘mark of the devil’.

  • Segregation: Historically, PWDs were segregated from society, either harshly (as slaves, playthings, or beggars) or through institutions, isolating them to avoid ‘danger’ from ‘threatening’ other people.

  • Sterilized: During the rise of eugenics, PWDs were forced to undergo sterilization to prevent reproduction and avoid gene strain or destroying gene pools.

  • Disability Activism: The return of war veterans with disabilities marked the emergence of awareness for disability rights, leading to the disability rights movement and progressing to a global cause.

Legislative Acts

  • Civil Rights Act (1964) and Americans with Disabilities Act (1990): Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin and banned employment discrimination. The ADA prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life.

  • Architectural Barriers Act (1968): Outlines the Department of Labor's (DOL) policy and program for ensuring that buildings and facilities are accessible to individuals with disabilities.

  • The Disability Rights movement (1970s): A pivotal social and political movement in the United States aimed at securing equal rights, opportunities, and accessibility for individuals with disabilities. Following the ABA, the Transportation Barriers Compliance Board, now known as the Access Board, is an independent federal agency responsible for developing accessibility guidelines for buildings, transit, and transportation systems.

Laws

  • The Rehabilitation Act of 1973: Section 504: A U.S. law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities and promotes accessibility, employment opportunities, and independent living. Section 504 focuses on protecting the rights of handicapped individuals in programs or activities that receive Federal funding assistance.

  • Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975: A U.S. Law that amended the Education of the Handicapped Act (EHA), focusing on providing educational assistance and improving educational services to all handicapped children.

  • Republic Act No. 7277: Magna Carta for Disabled Persons: Enacted in the Philippines in 1992 to protect and promote the rights of PWDs in employment, education, healthcare, and public services. It aims to provide for the rehabilitation, self-development, and self-reliance of disabled persons and their integration into the mainstream of society.

Timeline of Disability Perspectives

  1. Ancient to Middle Ages

  2. 16th to 18th Century

  3. 19th to Early 20th Century

  4. Post-War and Disability Rights Movement

  5. Contemporary Times

Ancient to Middle Ages (Pre-1500s)

  • Labels: cursed, possessed, lame, crippled

  • Context: Religious and superstitious beliefs, social marginalization, spiritual healing as opposed to medical.

  • Attitudes and Actions: Disabilities were viewed as supernatural occurrences (curse, divine punishment, evil).

    • Illustration of people with disabilities as beggars from the Disability History Exhibit (Alaska Department of Health).

16th to 18th Century

  • Labels: idiot, fool, invalid

  • Context: Rise of scientific inquiry and institutionalization, restriction of legal and social rights.

  • Attitudes and Actions: Disabilities were treated with fear, prejudice, and segregation; individuals were also used as a source of free labor through almshouses for the poor, elderly, disabled, widowed, and orphaned as passed through the Elizabethan Poor Laws.

19th to Early 20th Century

  • Labels: feeble-minded, deformed, defective, handicapped, retard

  • Context: Expansion of institutions, rampant eugenics and sterilization, establishment of special schools.

  • Attitudes and Actions: Disabilities were seen as something to be fixed or isolated.

Post-war & Disability Rights Movement

  • Labels: special needs, physically challenged, disabled

  • Context: War veterans returned with disabilities, shift from institutions to home care, rise of disability activism.

  • Attitudes and Actions: Disabilities experienced a shift from the medical to social model of disability, gained public awareness, and legislative victories were championed.

Contemporary Times

  • Labels: person with disability

  • Context: Emergence of respectful terminologies or Person-First Language (PFL), technological advancements for accessibility, global disability rights movement.

  • Attitudes and Actions: Disabilities are treated with much more compassion and respect, and disability rights are advocated globally.

Game 2: Crossword - Word Search

Words to find:

  • Anomaly

  • Diabetes

  • Dystrophy

  • Cancer

  • Arthritis

  • Hemophilia

  • ADHD

  • Tourette

  • Amputation

  • Cerebral Palsy

  • Spina Bifida

  • Anemia

  • Leukemia

  • Epilepsy

  • Asthma

Types of PD and OHI

(PD) Neurological Conditions

  • Spina Bifida

    • Consultation with experts

    • Use of assistive devices such as wheelchairs or crutches

    • Modified physical activities

  • Cerebral Palsy

    • Therapies: Physical, Occupational, Speech

    • Assistive technology: educational software

(PD) Muscular-Skeletal Conditions

  • Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy

    • Genetics: Sex-linked recessive inheritance. Only males are affected, but females may be carriers.

    • Progression:

      • 2 years: Minimal or no symptoms.

      • 5 years: Weakness, especially of pelvic girdle muscles; marked lordosis, enlarged calves.

      • 8 years: Severe crippling deformities and contractures.

      • 10 years: Lordosis disappears when child sits

      • 15 years:

    • Intervention:

      • Physical and Occupational Therapy

      • Assistive technology such as wheelchairs and other mobility aids

      • Modified Physical Activities

  • Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

    • Intervention:

      • Physical Therapy

      • Assistive and Adaptive Equipment such as ergonomic writing tools and adapted keyboards

      • Modified Physical Activities

  • Limb Deficiencies & Amputations

    • Intervention:

      • Physical & Occupational Therapy

      • Assistive and Adaptive Equipment such as prosthesis or orthotics

      • Modified Physical Activities

Other Health Impairment (OHI)

  • Diabetes: Management involves blood sugar monitoring, insulin therapy for Type 1, oral medications for Type 2, and lifestyle modifications.

  • Cancer: Treatment varies based on cancer type and stage and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy.

  • Tourette Syndrome: Treatment may involve behavioral therapies, medications to manage tics, and supportive counseling.

  • Hemophilia: Management includes regular replacement therapy with the deficient clotting factor and preventive measures to avoid injuries.

  • ADHD: Treatment options include behavioral therapy, stimulant medications like methylphenidate, and educational interventions.

  • Asthma: Management includes inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and avoiding known triggers.

  • Epilepsy (Epileptic Seizure Disorder): Management includes antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) to control seizures, lifestyle modifications, and, in some cases, surgical interventions.

  • Leukemia: Treatment often involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and sometimes stem cell transplantation.

  • Sickle Cell

  • Tuberculosis

  • Anemia

  • Cardiovascular

  • Cognitive Impairment

  • Rheumatic Fever

Mini Quiz

  1. The 2 types of OHI are neurological and musculoskeletal. FALSE (answer: 2 types of PD)

  2. Cerebral Palsy is a motor disorder, while cognitive impairment is an intellectual disability. TRUE

  3. OHI includes cancer, diabetes, and epilepsy. TRUE

  4. The words “handicapped“ and “crippled“ are the historical labels for people with disabilities. TRUE

  5. Civil Rights Act and ABA are the laws passed after a large number of disabled veterans began to demand access to jobs and other opportunities. FALSE (answer: Civil Rights and ADA)