Enlightenment
Page 1: JOHN LOCKE: NATURAL RIGHTS OF ALL MEN
John Locke believed that all men had natural rights: life, liberty, and property.
He argued that the government had a contract with its citizens to protect these rights.
If the government failed to uphold its end of the contract, the people had the right to change the ruler.
Thomas Jefferson borrowed some of Locke's ideas when writing the U.S. Declaration of Independence.
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John Locke had a major impact on the people during the Enlightenment.
He believed in natural rights for all men.
Thomas Jefferson incorporated Locke's ideas into the U.S. Declaration of Independence.
Page 3: CHARLES-LOUIS MONTESQUIEU: SEPARATION OF POWER
Montesquieu agreed with Locke but believed in dividing the government's power into branches.
The separation of powers limited the government's control and prevented one part from dominating.
The United States adopted the idea of separation of powers into its government.
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Montesquieu wanted to divide the government's power into branches.
He wrote a book called "The Spirit of the Laws" to express his ideas.
Page 5: VOLTAIRE: FORMS OF FREEDOM
Voltaire criticized the church for claiming that only God could make people happy.
He believed that people could find joy in life on their own.
Voltaire spoke out against censorship and defended the right to freedom of speech.
His ideas influenced the United States' First Amendment, which grants freedom of religion and expression.
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Voltaire believed that people could find happiness on their own.
He opposed censorship because his works were banned.
He influenced the freedom of religion in the United States.
Page 7: AGE OF REASON: NEW GATHERING PLACES
Enlightenment thinkers gathered in salons to share their ideas orally.
Salons were hosted in private homes, often by women, who had the opportunity to influence public opinion.
The Enlightenment emphasized the use of logic and observation to find the truth.
It was a secular movement, separate from religious control and intolerance.
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The church and European governments tried to control Enlightenment thinkers through censorship.
Thinkers continued to spread their ideas in private homes and salons.
The Enlightenment valued the use of logic and reason.
Page 9: MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT: GIVING WOMEN A VOICE
Enlightenment salons allowed female hostesses to influence ideas and society
Women started writing and publishing their thoughts
Mary Wollstonecraft suggested that women had rights and should be treated as equals
She wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman"
Women's equality was not accepted in Wollstonecraft's time
Enlightenment thinkers believed women should only be educated for domestic duties
Wollstonecraft argued for women's right to be rational and free
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Women started fighting for their rights
Women were not scared to use their voice
They wanted to be more educated
Page 11: JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: DESTROYING DIVINE RIGHT OF RULERS
European rulers emphasized divine right to suppress Enlightenment ideas
Jean-Jacques Rousseau criticized divine right and wrote "The Social Contract"
Social contract exists between government and citizens
Citizens of Iceland protested and forced their government to resign, rewriting their constitution
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Rousseau criticized divine right theory
He didn't agree with the idea of giving up freedom for protection
Page 13: CESARE BECCARIA DON'T BE CRUEL!
Cesare Beccaria condemned torture and the death penalty
He argued for the rights of the accused and a fair trial
Beccaria's ideas influenced the US Constitution's 8th and 6th amendments
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Beccaria fought for the rights of the accused
He openly disagreed with large punishments
He had a big influence
Page 15: THOMAS HOBBES PEOPLE NEED ABSOLUTE RULE
Thomas Hobbes believed in the Social Contract Theory
He thought people should be ruled harshly to maintain order
Hobbes is considered the father of modern political thought
His ideas influenced the foundation of American government
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Hobbes believed rulers should be strict
He was one of the first to believe in Social Contract Theory
He influenced many and changed the way the government thinks