UNIT 2.3: trans

migration: permanent or semipermanent relocation of ppl from one place to another

• voluntary migration: movement made by choice

  • push factors: neg circumstances events, or conditions present where they live that compels a person to leave

  • pull factors: positive conditions and circumstances in the chosen destination

  • immigrant: person who migrates across an INTERNATIONAL border w the intention of staying PERMANENTLY

  • emigrant: when a person leaves a country (from the perspective of the country they r leaving)

• migration transition model: (zelinsky’s theory) countries in stages 2/3 of the demographic transition model experience rapid pop growth and overcrowding

  • limits economic opportunities of the ppl and acts as a push factor—> migrate to less crowded stage 4/5 countries which offer greater economic opportunities w growing economies and aging pops

intervening obstacles: barriers that make reaching their desired destination more difficult

intervening opportunities: encounter opportunities along the way that disrupt their original migration

gravity model of migration:

• assumes the size and distance between two cities/countries will influence the amt of interactions like migration, travel, and economic activity

  • larger the pop of city/country= more pull for ppl seeking economic opportunities

  • distance between two locations increases= weakens the pull (gravity)

step migration: a process in which migrants reach their eventual destination thru a series of smaller moves

rural to urban migration: bc less ppl r needed on farms due to tech, the farmers whose work was overtaken moved to cities to find new work

countermigration: each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction

• as many mexican migrants were moving to the US, a counter migration of ppl moved from us—>mexico

return migration: migrants moving back to their former home

forced migration: migrants have no choice but to move

internally displaced persons (IDPs): migrants that are displaced within the same country

• refugees: when displaced people cross borders

• asylum: protection granted by one country to an immigrant from a diff country who has legit fear of harm or death if they return

  • if granted, receive protection and special status from govt of receiving country

internal migration: describes movement within a country

transnational migration: ppl move internationally

chain migration: when ppl move to new country, they often choose to settle in a place where ppl they know or their community have previously settled.

• helps with transitioning

guest workers: transnational migrants who relocate to provide services that aren’t available to give locally

transhumance: the process of herders moving w their animals to diff pastures during diff seasons

homestead act: us govt gave land to settlers willing to stay and farm on it for 5 yrs

• govt still gives well educated ppl visas in hopes they’d stay here

guest worker policies: regulate the num of workers who can temp enter each country to work in specific industries for a defined amt of time

• once expired, workers r expected to either return to their sending country or renew their visa

family reunification policies: allow migrants to sponsor their families who migrate to the country

• some similar policies allow refugees to migrate quickly in emergencies

• others allow for foreign college students an easy pathway to becoming permanent residents

xenophobia 😍: a strong dislike of ppl of another culture (bleugh ppl suck :( we srsly need to chill out)

remittances: money sent to their fam and friends in the country they left

Costs of migration:

• dependency ratio problem

• disruption of traditional roles/social structures of fam

brain drain: when migration out of a country is mostly made of highly skilled ppl

ethnic enclaves: neighborhoods filled primarily w ppl of the same ethnic group

• little italy

• chinatown