Practice
Determine the product(s) (Draw, name, and state conditions) for the oxidation of
3 - methyl pentane-1-ol
- C6H14O
- 3-methylpentanal
- Heat and distillation with hydrolyzed dichromate
- or
- Heat and reflux with hydrolyzed dichromate
- 3-methyl pentanoic acid
4- methyl heptane-4-ol
- No reaction it is a tertiary alcohol
hexane-3-ol
- C6H12O
- acidized dichromate and heat and reflux
- hexane-3-one
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Complete Combustion
- Alkanes
- CnH2n+2 + O2 (g) → CO2(g) + H2O (g)
Incomplete Combustion (lack of oxygen)
- CnH2n+2 + O2 (g) →CO (g) + H2O (g)
Incomplete combustion (severe lack of oxygen)
- CnH2n+2 +O2 (g) → C (s) + H2O (g)
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Alkenes are more reactive than alkanes because the electrons in the pi bond lie above and below the plane, making them more easily accessible than the electrons in the sigma bond.
Electrophilic addition:
- electron loving
- positive or partial positive substances
Hydrogenation
Halogenation
- Capital X is used to represent a halogen
- two carbons with a sigma bond + X2 →
- →
Hydrohalogenation
- Hydrogenhaylide
- hydrogen on one and carbon on the other
Hydration
Polymers
- means “many pieces”
- GIANT molecules with repeating units
- Hundreds of thousands of times
- Examples
- teflon, styrofoam, nylon, rubber, PVC,
Benzene

- Physical Properties of Benzenes
- In benzenes, all the bonds are the same length
- The shape of benzene is a regular hexagon
- The bond order of benzene is 1.5
- Chemical Properties of Benzene
- Benzens don’t undergo addition reactions like alkenes do
- The enthalpy of hydrogenation of benzene is lower than expected, which means that it is stable and has lower energy.
- Electrophilic (Electron loving) Substitution of Benzenes
- Electrophilic Substitution of Benzenes requires an acid catalyst
- One of the products of the Electrophilic substitution of benzene is water in the HOH form
- Halogenation of Benzenes
- The halogenation of benzenes needs an acid catalyst.
- Lewis Acid Definition of Acid and Bases
- Definition: A Lewis acid is a chemical species that can accept a pair of electrons to form a covalent bond.
- Examples of Lewis acids:
- Metal cations (e.g. Al3+, Fe2+, Zn2+)
- Boron trifluoride (BF3)
- Carbonyl compounds (e.g. ketones, aldehydes)
- Lewis acid-base adducts (e.g. H+ + NH3 → NH4+)
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