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Q: What are the two parts of Congress?	A: The House of Representatives and the Senate.
Q: Why is Congress bicameral?	A: To balance the interests of small and large states.
Q: What was the New Jersey Plan? Its influence?	Proposed equal representation for each state in Congress; influenced the structure of the Senate.
Q: What was the Virginia Plan? Its influence?	A: Proposed representation based on population; influenced the structure of the House of Representatives.
Q: What are the qualifications for the House of Representatives?	A: Must be at least 25 years old, a U.S. citizen for 7 years, and live in the state they represent.
Q: How long are the terms for the House of Representatives? Why do we want them to be short?	A: Two-year terms; short terms keep representatives accountable to the voters.
Q: What are specific powers that only the House has?	A: Initiating revenue bills, impeaching federal officials, and electing the President in case of an electoral college tie.
Q: What are the qualifications for the Senate?	A: Must be at least 30 years old, a U.S. citizen for 9 years, and live in the state they represent.
Q: How long are the terms for the Senate? Why do we want them long and not all replaced at the same time?	A: Six-year terms; staggered elections ensure stability and experience.
Q: Who originally voted for senators? Who votes for them now?	A: Originally, state legislatures voted for senators; now, the public votes for them.
Q: What are the specific powers that only the Senate has?	A: Confirming presidential appointments, ratifying treaties, and conducting impeachment trials.
Q: How are the number of House members and Senators determined?	A: House members are based on state population; each state has 2 Senators regardless of population.
Q: What is the purpose of a Census? Why is it important?	A: To count the population every 10 years; important for apportioning House seats and allocating federal funds.
Q: What are the head positions of the Senate and House? Who are they? Duties?	A: Senate: Vice President (presides over sessions) and President Pro Tempore (presides in VP's absence). House: Speaker of the House (leads House, sets agenda). ### Senate Leadership 1. Presides over Senate sessions and casts tie-breaking votes: This is the role of the President of the Senate, currently Kamala Harris. 2. Presides over the Senate in the absence of the Vice President and performs ceremonial duties: This is the role of the President Pro Tempore, currently Patty Murray. 3. Sets the legislative agenda, strategizes for the majority party, and manages Senate floor proceedings: This is the role of the Majority Leader, currently Chuck Schumer. 4. Represents the minority party, strategizes for the minority party, and acts as the spokesperson for the minority party: This is the role of the Minority Leader, currently Mitch McConnell. ### House of Representatives Leadership 1. Oversees House proceedings, sets the legislative agenda, and represents the House in official capacities: This is the role of the Speaker of the House, currently Kevin McCarthy. 2. Assists the Speaker in managing the legislative process and sets the legislative agenda for the majority party: This is the role of the Majority Leader, currently Steve Scalise. 3. Represents the minority party, strategizes for the minority party, and acts as the spokesperson for the minority party: This is the role of the Minority Leader, currently Hakeem Jeffries.
Q: Who determines House districts in most states?	? A: State legislatures.
Q: What is the process for determining House districts in the state of California?	A: California uses an independent redistricting commission.
Q: What is Gerrymandering? Why is it a problem?	A: Manipulating district boundaries for political advantage; undermines fair representation.
Q: What is a special interest group?	A: An organization that advocates for specific issues or policies.
Q: How do special interest groups influence the legislative process?	A: By lobbying, funding campaigns, and mobilizing voters.
Q: What is a lobbyist?	A: A person who represents special interest groups and tries to influence legislators.

Q: What role do lobbyists play in the legislative process?	A: They provide information, draft bills, and advocate for their group's interests.
Q: How are special interest groups and lobbyists good for democracy?	A: They represent diverse interests and provide expertise to legislators.
Q: How are special interest groups and lobbyists bad for democracy?	A: They can lead to undue influence and prioritize narrow interests over the public good.
Q: What is the difference between discretionary and mandatory spending?	A: Discretionary spending is decided annually by Congress; mandatory spending is required by law.
Q: What are examples of discretionary budget items?	A: Defense, education, and infrastructure.
Q: What are examples of mandatory spending items?	A: Social Security, Medicare, and interest on the national debt.
Q: Explain how larger debts impact a budget.	A: Larger debts increase interest payments, reducing funds for other priorities.
What are the primary sources of revenue for the federal budget?	A: Income taxes, payroll taxes, and corporate taxes.
Q: What are different ways a bill can be introduced into Congress?	A: By a member of Congress, through committees, or by request from the President.
Q: What is the difference between a private and public bill?	A: Private bills affect specific individuals or organizations; public bills apply to the general public.
Q: What is a standing committee? Examples?	A: Permanent committees that handle specific areas of legislation. Examples: House Ways and Means Committee, Senate Judiciary Committee.
Q: What is the purpose of a joint committee? Examples?	A: Committees that include members from both the House and Senate to address specific issues. Examples: Joint Committee on Taxation, Joint Economic Committee.
Q: What is the purpose of subcommittees? Examples?	A: Subdivisions of standing committees that focus on specific aspects of legislation. Examples: House Subcommittee on Health, Senate Subcommittee on Energy.
Q: What is the purpose of a conference committee? Examples?	A: To reconcile differences between House and Senate versions of a bill. Examples: Conference Committee on the Budget, Conference Committee on the Farm Bill.
Q: What is a filibuster? Explain how one works. How is one stopped?	A: A filibuster is a prolonged speech to delay legislative action in the Senate. It is stopped by a cloture vote requiring a supermajority (60 votes).
Q: What is needed for a bill to get out of Congress and to the President?.	A: Approval by both the House and Senate, then it is sent to the President for signature
Q: What happens when a President vetoes a bill? How can Congress respond?	A: The bill is rejected; Congress can override the veto with a two-thirds majority in both chambers.
Q: What happens when a President signs a bill?	A: It becomes law.
Q: What is a pocket veto? How is it different from a regular veto?	A: A pocket veto occurs when the President does not sign a bill within 10 days and Congress is adjourned. It cannot be overridden by Congress.
Q: What happens if the President doesn’t sign or veto a bill?	A: If Congress is in session, the bill becomes law without the President's signature after 10 days.

Q: What are the qualifications to run for president?	A: Must be at least 35 years old, a natural-born citizen of the U.S., and a resident for at least 14 years.
Q: How long is a presidential term? How many terms can they serve?	A: Four-year term; can serve a maximum of two terms.
Q: What is the purpose of a primary election?	A: To select a party's nominee for the general election.
Q: What are the two different votes that take place for president during a general election?	A: The popular vote and the electoral vote.
Q: How are electoral college votes determined?	A: Each state gets a number of electoral votes equal to its total number of Senators and Representatives in Congress.
Q: How is the winner of a presidential election determined?	A: The candidate who receives a majority of electoral votes (270 or more) wins the election.
Q: What are arguments for the electoral college system?	A: Protects minority interests, promotes a two-party system, and prevents disputed outcomes.
Q: What are arguments against the electoral college system?	A: Can result in a president who did not win the popular vote, creates unequal representation, and can discourage voter turnout.
Q: What is an executive order? How is it different from a congressional law?	A: An executive order is a directive from the President that has the force of law. It differs from a congressional law as it does not require approval from Congress.
Q: What are the powers/roles/duties of the President as Head of State?	A: Represents the nation, performs ceremonial duties, and symbolizes national unity.
Q: What are the powers/roles/duties of the President as Chief Executive?	A: Enforces laws, directs executive agencies, and oversees the federal bureaucracy.
Q: What are the powers/roles/duties of the President as Commander in Chief?	A: Leads the armed forces, makes military decisions, and ensures national security.
Q: What are the powers/roles/duties of the President as Chief Diplomat?	A: Manages foreign relations, negotiates treaties, and represents the U.S. internationally.
Q: What are the powers/roles/duties of the President as Legislative Leader?	A: Proposes legislation, vetoes bills, and influences lawmaking.
Q: What are the powers/roles/duties of the President as Economic Planner?	A: Manages the economy, prepares the federal budget, and addresses economic issues.
Q: What are the powers/roles/duties of the President as Party Leader?	A: Leads their political party, supports party candidates, and promotes party policies.
Q: How has presidential power changed over time?	A: Presidential power has expanded, with presidents taking on more roles and responsibilities, especially in areas like foreign policy and national security.
Q: What types of events usually lead to expansions of presidential power?	A: Crises such as wars, economic downturns, and national emergencies often lead to expansions of presidential power.
Q: What is a specific historical event that led to a change of power? How did presidential power change because of the event?	A: The Great Depression led to increased presidential power under Franklin D. Roosevelt, who implemented the New Deal programs to address the economic crisis.
Q: What is the role of the Executive Cabinet?	A: The Executive Cabinet advises the President on various matters and helps implement policies and programs.

Q: What is the purpose of the Department of State?	A: Manages foreign affairs, represents the U.S. abroad, and negotiates treaties.
Q: What is the purpose of the Department of Defense?	A: Oversees the armed forces, ensures national security, and manages military operations.
Q: What is the purpose of the Department of Treasury?	A: Manages federal finances, collects taxes, and produces currency.
Q: What are the different levels of the federal court system?	: The federal court system has three levels: District Courts (trial courts), Courts of Appeals (appellate courts), and the Supreme Court (highest court).
Q: What are the terms of the Supreme Court? How are they selected?	A: Supreme Court justices serve lifetime terms; they are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate.
Q: Describe the Supreme Court confirmation process.	A: The President nominates a candidate, who is then reviewed by the Senate Judiciary Committee. The Committee holds hearings, votes on the nomination, and sends it to the full Senate for a final confirmation vote.
Q: What is court packing?	A: Court packing refers to the idea of increasing the number of justices on the Supreme Court to shift its ideological balance
Q: Describe Judicial Review.	A: Judicial Review is the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of the government unconstitutional.
Q: Why is Marbury v. Madison important to the power of the Supreme Court?	A: Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of Judicial Review, significantly increasing the power of the Supreme Court.
Q: What is Judicial Activism?	A: Judicial Activism is when judges make rulings based on personal or political considerations rather than existing law.
Q: What is Judicial Restraint?	A: Judicial Restraint is when judges limit their own power by avoiding making decisions that create new policy and instead adhering closely to the letter of the law.
Q: What is the difference between original jurisdiction and precedent?	A: Original jurisdiction refers to a court's power to hear a case first, while precedent refers to previous court decisions that guide future cases.
Bicameral:	A legislative system with two chambers or houses. In the U.S., it's Congress, which consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate.
Qualifications of House:	Must be at least 25 years old, a U.S. citizen for 7 years, and live in the state they represent.
Qualifications of Senate:	Must be at least 30 years old, a U.S. citizen for 9 years, and live in the state they represent.
Powers of House:	Initiates revenue bills. Impeaches federal officials. Elects the President in case of an electoral college tie.
Powers of Senate:	Confirms presidential appointments. Ratifies treaties. Conducts impeachment trials.
Filibuster:	A tactic in the Senate to delay or block legislative action by extending debate. It can be stopped with a cloture vote requiring 60 votes.
Gerrymandering:	Manipulating the boundaries of electoral districts to favor a particular political party, often resulting in unfair representation.
Census (purpose?):	A population count conducted every 10 years to apportion House seats and allocate federal funds.

Special Interest Groups:	Organizations that advocate for specific issues or policies and attempt to influence lawmakers.
Lobbyist:	A person who represents special interest groups and tries to influence legislators and their decisions.
Standing Committee:	Permanent committees in Congress that handle specific areas of legislation. Examples: House Ways and Means Committee, Senate Judiciary Committee.
Conference Committee:	A temporary committee formed to reconcile differences between House and Senate versions of a bill.
Joint Committee:	Committees that include members from both the House and Senate to address specific issues. Examples: Joint Committee on Taxation, Joint Economic Committee.
Veto:	The President's power to reject a bill passed by Congress. Congress can override a veto with a two-thirds majority in both chambers.
Pocket Veto:	Occurs when the President does not sign a bill within 10 days and Congress is adjourned. It cannot be overridden by Congress.
Primary Elections:	Elections held to select a party's nominee for the general election.
Electoral College:	The body of electors from each state who formally elect the President and Vice President of the U.S. Each state's electoral votes equal its total number of Senators and Representatives.
Formal Executive Powers:	Powers explicitly granted to the President by the Constitution, such as vetoing bills, appointing judges, and commanding the military.
Informal Executive Powers:	Powers not explicitly stated in the Constitution but exercised by the President, such as issuing executive orders and conducting foreign policy.v
Presidential Qualification	: Must be at least 35 years old, a natural-born citizen of the U.S., and a resident for at least 14 years.
Executive Cabinet:	Advisors to the President, consisting of the heads of executive departments, who help implement policies and programs.
Executive Order:	A directive issued by the President that has the force of law but does not require approval from Congress.
Precedent:	Previous court decisions that guide future cases.
Judicial Activism:	When judges make rulings based on personal or political considerations rather than existing law.
Judicial Restraint:	When judges limit their own power by avoiding decisions that create new policy and adhering closely to the law.
Justice Confirmation Process:	The President nominates a candidate for the Supreme Court, who is then reviewed by the Senate Judiciary Committee and confirmed by a vote in the full Senate
How cases get to the Supreme Court:	Cases reach the Supreme Court through appeals from lower courts, original jurisdiction, or writs of certiorari.
Original Jurisdiction:	The authority of a court to hear a case first, before any other court.

Q: Describe the process for someone to become a Supreme Court justice. A:

The President nominates a candidate.
The Senate Judiciary Committee reviews the nominee.
The Committee holds hearings and votes on the nomination.
The full Senate votes to confirm or reject the nominee.

Q: What is the power of judicial review?\

A: The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of the government unconstitutional.

Q: What Supreme Court case solidified judicial review as a power of the judicial branch?

A: Marbury v. Madison (1803).

Q: Describe the differences between judicial activism and judicial restraint.

Judicial Activism: Judges make rulings based on personal or political considerations rather than existing law.
Judicial Restraint: Judges limit their own power by avoiding decisions that create new policy and adhering closely to the law.

Q: How might judicial activism impact how a Supreme Court Justice rules on a current issue?

A: A justice practicing judicial activism may interpret the Constitution in a way that supports progressive change or addresses contemporary social issues, even if it means departing from precedent.

Q: How might judicial restraint impact how a Supreme Court Justice rules on a current issue?

A: A justice practicing judicial restraint may adhere closely to the text of the Constitution and precedents, avoiding rulings that create new policies or overturn established laws.

Q: What are some historical examples of judicial review impacting an issue?

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.
Roe v. Wade (1973): Legalized abortion nationwide by declaring state laws banning abortion unconstitutional.

Q: How can the power of judicial review be used as a political tool?

A: Judicial review can be used to advance or block political agendas by declaring laws or executive actions unconstitutional.

Q: Provide a historical example of judicial review being used as a political tool.

Bush v. Gore (2000): The Supreme Court's decision effectively resolved the 2000 presidential election in favor of George W. Bush by halting the Florida recount.

Q: What is the primary function of the executive branch?

A: To enforce and implement laws.

Q: Identify and describe three formal powers granted to the president in the Constitution,

. A:

Veto Power: The President can reject bills passed by Congress.
Appointment Power: The President appoints federal judges, ambassadors, and other high officials with Senate approval.
Commander in Chief: The President leads the armed forces.

Veto Power:

The President can reject bills passed by Congress.

Appointment Power:

The President appoints federal judges, ambassadors, and other high officials with Senate approval.

Commander in Chief:

The President leads the armed forces.

Q: Identify and describe three informal powers of the presidency.

Executive Orders: Directives issued by the President that have the force of law.

Agenda Setting: The President influences the legislative agenda through speeches and public addresses.

Executive Agreements: International agreements made by the President without Senate approval.

Executive Orders:

Directives issued by the President that have the force of law.

Agenda Setting:

The President influences the legislative agenda through speeches and public addresses.

Executive Agreements:

International agreements made by the President without Senate approval.

Q: Describe the difference between an executive order and a law passed by Congress]

. A: An executive order is a directive issued by the President that has the force of law, while a law passed by Congress is legislation approved by both houses of Congress and signed by the President.

Q: Provide an example of how executive orders have been used in the past.

A: President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 during World War II, which led to the internment of Japanese Americans.

Q: Over time, what kinds of events have led to an expansion of power of the executive branch?

A: Crises such as wars, economic downturns, and national emergencies often lead to expansions of presidential power.

Q: Provide specific historical examples of events that led to an expansion of presidential power. A:

The Great Depression: President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs expanded the role of the federal government.
World War II: President Roosevelt's actions during the war, including Executive Order 9066.
9/11 Attacks: President George W. Bush's implementation of the Patriot Act and the War on Terror.

Q: As presidential power has expanded, what checks still exist to restrict the president's powers? A:

Congressional Oversight: Congress can investigate and hold hearings on executive actions.
Judicial Review: The Supreme Court can declare executive actions unconstitutional.
Impeachment: Congress can impeach and remove the President from office.

Q: What happens in presidential primary elections? \

A: Voters in each party select their preferred candidate to represent them in the general election. Candidates campaign to win delegates, who pledge support at the party's national convention.

Q: What happens in the general election?

A: Voters cast ballots for their preferred presidential candidate. The outcome determines which electors from the Electoral College will represent their state.

Q: What part does the Electoral College play in the process of electing the President of the United States?

A: The Electoral College consists of electors from each state who formally elect the President and Vice President. Each state's electors equal its total number of Senators and Representatives.

Q: Explain the negative role that gerrymandering can play in the electoral process.

A: Gerrymandering manipulates district boundaries to favor a particular party, leading to unfair representation and skewed election results.

Q: How have some states, like California, attempted to address gerrymandering?

A: California uses an independent redistricting commission to draw district lines, ensuring a fairer and more transparent process.

Q: Develop a claim backed by multiple arguments for why the electoral process should be changed or kept the same.

A: Claim: The electoral process should be changed.

Equal Representation: A direct popular vote ensures every individual's vote counts equally, aligning with democratic principles.
Eliminates Discrepancies: Prevents scenarios where a candidate wins the popular vote but loses the election.
Increased Voter Engagement: People may be more motivated to vote if they feel their vote has a direct impact.

Example: In the 2000 and 2016 elections, the Electoral College results did not reflect the popular vote, leading to controversy and debates about the fairness of the system.

Q: Explain the process for introducing a bill to Congress. A:

]

Drafting: A member of Congress drafts the bill.
Introduction: The bill is introduced in either the House or the Senate.
Committee Review: The bill is sent to a relevant committee for study and discussion.
Debate: The bill is debated and amended if necessary.
Voting: The bill is voted on. If it passes one chamber, it moves to the other for consideration.

Q: What role do special interest groups play in the legislative process?

Advocacy: They advocate for specific policies and issues.
Information: They provide lawmakers with information and expertise.
Campaign Support: They support legislators' campaigns through funding and endorsements.

Q: Identify and describe the role of 4 different committees in the legislative process.

Q: What is the role of a Standing Committee?

A: Permanent committees that handle specific areas of legislation. Example: House Ways and Means Committee.

Q: What is the role of a Conference Committee?

A: A temporary committee formed to reconcile differences between House and Senate versions of a bill. Example: Conference Committee on the Budget. A Conference Committee is a temporary, bipartisan committee formed to reconcile differences between the House and Senate versions of a bill. In the case of the Conference Committee on the Budget, its role is to resolve disagreements on budgetary matters between the two chambers

Q: What is the role of a Joint Committee?

A: Committees that include members from both the House and Senate to address specific issues. Example: Joint Committee on Taxation. The Joint Committee on Taxation includes members from both the House and Senate, addressing issues related to taxation. This committee collaborates to evaluate tax legislation, analyze economic impacts, and oversee tax administration, demonstrating the purpose of a joint committee to handle specific issues with a comprehensive, bipartisan approach.

Q: What is the role of a Subcommittee?

A: Subdivisions of standing committees that focus on specific aspects of legislation. Example: House Subcommittee on Health.

The House Subcommittee on Health is a subdivision of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce that focuses specifically on health-related issues, such as public health and health insurance. It helps conduct more detailed and specialized legislative work.

Q: Describe 4 options the President has if a bill manages to get out of Congress and land on his desk. A:

Sign the Bill: The bill becomes law.
Veto the Bill: The bill is rejected and sent back to Congress.
Pocket Veto: The President takes no action on the bill within 10 days while Congress is adjourned, and the bill dies.
No Action: If Congress is in session and the President takes no action within 10 days, the bill becomes law without a signature.

Q: Explain the roadblocks a bill might face getting through the floor vote in the House and Senate to the President. A:

Debate and Filibuster: Prolonged debate or filibuster in the Senate can delay or block the bill.
Amendments: Extensive amendments can alter the bill significantly, making it difficult to pass.
Committee Bottleneck: The bill can be stalled or killed in committee.
Voting: The bill may fail to secure enough votes in either chamber.

Q: What is the first step in introducing a bill to Congress?

A: Drafting: A member of Congress drafts the bill.

Q: What happens after a bill is drafted?

A: Introduction: The bill is introduced in either the House or the Senate.

Q: What is the role of committees in the legislative process?.	A: Committee Review: The bill is sent to a relevant committee for study and discussion
Q: What happens after committee review?	A: Debate: The bill is debated and amended if necessary.
Q: What is the final step in Congress before a bill moves to the President?	A: Voting: The bill is voted on. If it passes one chamber, it moves to the other for consideration.
Q: What role do special interest groups play in the legislative process?	A: Advocacy, providing information, and supporting legislators' campaigns through funding and endorsements.
Q: What is the role of a Standing Committee?	A: Permanent committees that handle specific areas of legislation. Example: House Ways and Means Committee.
Q: What is the role of a Conference Committee?	A: A temporary committee formed to reconcile differences between House and Senate versions of a bill. Example: Conference Committee on the Budget.
Q: What is the role of a Joint Committee?	A: Committees that include members from both the House and Senate to address specific issues. Example: Joint Committee on Taxation.
Q: What is the role of a Subcommittee?	A: Subdivisions of standing committees that focus on specific aspects of legislation. Example: House Subcommittee on Health.
Q: What is one option the President has if a bill reaches his desk?	A: Sign the Bill: The bill becomes law.
Q: What is another option the President has if a bill reaches his desk?	A: Veto the Bill: The bill is rejected and sent back to Congress.
Q: What is a third option the President has if a bill reaches his desk?	A: Pocket Veto: The President takes no action on the bill within 10 days while Congress is adjourned, and the bill dies.
Q: What is the fourth option the President has if a bill reaches his desk?	A: No Action: If Congress is in session and the President takes no action within 10 days, the bill becomes law without a signature.
Q: What is a roadblock a bill might face in the Senate?	A: Debate and Filibuster: Prolonged debate or filibuster in the Senate can delay or block the bill.
Q: What is a roadblock a bill might face in committee?	A: Committee Bottleneck: The bill can be stalled or killed in committee.
Q: What is a roadblock a bill might face during voting?	A: Voting: The bill may fail to secure enough votes in either chamber.
Q: What is a potential roadblock related to bill amendments?	A: Amendments: Extensive amendments can alter the bill significantly, making it difficult to pass.
What are the head positions of the Senate?	A: The head positions of the Senate include the President of the Senate (Vice President of the United States), the President Pro Tempore (most senior member of the majority party), the Majority Leader (leader of the majority party), and the Minority Leader (leader of the minority party).
Q: What are the head positions of the House of Representatives?	A: The head positions of the House of Representatives include the Speaker of the House (presiding officer), the Majority Leader (leader of the majority party), and the Minority Leader (leader of the minority party).
Q: What was the Virginia Plan?	A: The Virginia Plan, proposed by James Madison at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, called for a strong national government with three branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) and a bicameral legislature based on proportional representation.
Q: Virginia Plan? What was its influence?	A: The Virginia Plan influenced the structure of the U.S. Constitution by advocating for a federal system with a strong central government and representation based on population, which became the foundation for the legislative branch

Q: What are the head positions of the Senate?	A: The head positions of the Senate include the President of the Senate, the President Pro Tempore, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader.
Q: Who is the President of the Senate?	A: The President of the Senate is the Vice President of the United States, ex Kamala Harris.
Q: What are the duties of the President of the Senate?	A: The President of the Senate presides over Senate sessions and casts tie-breaking votes.
Q: Who is the President Pro Tempore?	A: The President Pro Tempore is the most senior member of the majority party, currently Patty Murray.
Q: What are the duties of the President Pro Tempore?	A: The President Pro Tempore presides over the Senate in the absence of the Vice President and performs ceremonial duties.
Q: Who is the Majority Leader of the Senate?.	A: The Majority Leader of the Senate is Chuck Schumer
Q: What are the duties of the Majority Leader of the Senate?.	A: The Majority Leader sets the legislative agenda, strategizes for the majority party, and manages Senate floor proceedings
Q: Who is the Minority Leader of the Senate?	A: The Minority Leader of the Senate is Mitch McConnell.
Q: What are the duties of the Minority Leader of the Senate?	A: The Minority Leader represents the minority party, strategizes for the minority party, and acts as the spokesperson for the minority party.
Q: What are the head positions of the House of Representatives?	A: The head positions of the House of Representatives include the Speaker of the House, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader.
Q: Who is the Speaker of the House?	A: The Speaker of the House is Kevin McCarthy.
Q: What are the duties of the Speaker of the House?	A: The Speaker of the House oversees House proceedings, sets the legislative agenda, and represents the House in official capacities.
Q: Who is the Majority Leader of the House of Representatives?	A: The Majority Leader of the House of Representatives is Steve Scalise.
Q: What are the duties of the Majority Leader of the House of Representatives?	A: The Majority Leader assists the Speaker in managing the legislative process and sets the legislative agenda for the majority party.
Q: Who is the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives?	A: The Minority Leader of the House of Representatives is Hakeem Jeffries.
Q: What are the duties of the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives?	A: The Minority Leader represents the minority party, strategizes for the minority party, and acts as the spokesperson for the minority party.
Q: What was the Virginia Plan?	A: The Virginia Plan, proposed by James Madison at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, called for a strong national government with three branches (legislative, executive, and judicial) and a bicameral legislature based on proportional representation.
Q: What was the influence of the Virginia Plan?	A: The Virginia Plan influenced the structure of the U.S. Constitution by advocating for a federal system with a strong central government and representation based on population, which became the foundation for the legislative branch.
President can do which of the following to influence public policy? Choose all that apply.	Recommend legislation during the annual State of the Union Address. Sign or veto legislation that has been passed by Congress. Appeal to the public for support of his ideas using the media. Issue executive acts or orders.
The Presidential Cabinet is made up of..................	The secretaries of each executive department.

The power of the president to sign treaties, appoint justices, and command the army would all be examples of what type of power?

Formal Powers

precedent	Refers to a court decison that is considered as authority for deciding subsequent cases involving identical or similar facts or similar legal issues. Courts should apply law in similar manner to cases with similar facts Remember tinker V des moines and brown v board
Judicial restraint definition	Judicial restraint is a legal philosophy where judges limit their own power, adhering closely to the letter of the law and deferring to the decisions of the legislative and executive branches
Historical example of judicial restraint	One notable example is the US supreme court case of Plessy v Ferguson. The court upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under “seperate but equal” doctrine, demonstrating judicial restraint by deferring to state laws.
Contemporary example of judicial restraint	Case Name: West Virginia v. EPA (2022) Issue Being Considered: Does the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have the authority to regulate greenhouse gas emissions from power plants under the Clean Air Act? Majority Justices' Decision: The Supreme Court ruled that the EPA does not have the authority to regulate these emissions because it involves significant policy decisions that should be made by Congress.
Pros of judicial restraint	Promotes stability and predictability in the law. Respects the roles of the legislative and executive branches. Limits judicial overreach and potential abuse of power. C:
Cons of judicial restraint	Can perpetuate injustices by adhering to outdated laws. May hinder progress and social change. Limits the judiciary's ability to protect individual rights.
Judicial Activism definition	Judicial activism is a legal philosophy where judges interpret the Constitution and laws broadly, often to address social injustices and promote change.
Historical example od Judicial activism	Brown v. Board of Education (1954): The Supreme Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for Black and White students unconstitutional, actively promoting social change.
Contemporary example of judicial activism	Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): The Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage nationwide, reflecting judicial activism by interpreting the Constitution to protect individual rights.
Pros of judicial activism	Can address social injustices and promote equality. Allows the judiciary to adapt the law to changing societal needs. Empowers the courts to protect individual rights.
Cons of judicial activism	Can lead to judicial overreach and undermine democratic processes. May create instability and unpredictability in the law. Risks judges imposing their personal views on society.