Exam Prep

1. A 69 year old male patient presented with an enlarged supraclavicular lymph node and a history of weight loss. He has been treated for a melanoma diagnosed 4 years previously. An FNA was performed. a) why would the clinician use FNA to investigate the mass? b) what cytological features would you need to see in order to make a cytological diagnosis of metastatic melanoma? c) what other conditions might mimic metastatic melanoma? d) What adjunctive tests could help?

2. A 60 year old male had a pleural effusion drained. He had no known history of malignancy. The cytological preparations were highly cellular. a) what are the most common likely causes of a pleural effusion in this patient? b) what key cytological features would you look for in order to make a diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma? b) how could a cell block be helpful?

3. A urine specimen was collected from a 72 year old male with haematuria. a) describe the typical cytological features of urothelial carcinoma in voided urine specimens b) what are the most common causes of false positive and false negative results in urine cytology?