Skull & Face Anatomy
SKULL AND FACE ANATOMY
Frontal View of Skull
Frontal Bone
Sphenoid Bone
Lacrimal Bone
Maxilla
Temporal Bone
Nasal Bone
Parietal Bone
Zygomatic Bone
Mandible
Course Reference
KINE 3600
MUSCULOSKELETAL ANATOMY
Crump Institute for Biological Imaging
THE SKULL
Structure of the Skull
Two Parts of the Skull:
Cranial Skeleton (Neurocranium)
Facial Skeleton (Viscerocranium)
Cranial Skeleton (Neurocranium) Components
Contains:
The Brain
Cranial Meninges
Cranial Nerves
Blood Vessels
Made up of:
Frontal Bone (1)
Parietal Bones (2)
Temporal Bones (2)
Occipital Bone (1)
Sphenoid Bone (1)
Ethmoid Bone (1)
Facial Skeleton (Viscerocranium) Components
Also known as facial skeleton includes the following bones:
Maxillae (2)
Palatine Bones (2)
Nasal Bones (2)
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
Zygomatic Bones (2)
Lacrimal Bones (2)
Vomer (1)
Mandible (1)
Associated Bones of the Skull
Cranium Bones:
Occipital Bone (1)
Parietal Bones (2)
Frontal Bone (1)
Temporal Bones (2)
Sphenoid Bone (1)
Ethmoid Bone (1)
Face Bones:
Maxillae (2)
Palatine Bones (2)
Nasal Bones (2)
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
Zygomatic Bones (2)
Lacrimal Bones (2)
Vomer (1)
Mandible (1)
SPECIFIC BONES IN DETAIL
Frontal Bone
Components:
Frontal Eminence
Frontal Process
Superciliary Arch
Supraorbital Margin
Zygomatic Process
Infraorbital Margin
Alveolar Process
Foramina:
Supraorbital Foramen
Zygomaticofacial Foramen
Infraorbital Foramen
Associated Cavity:
Orbital Cavity
Nasal Cavity
Notable Features:
Canine Fossa
Incisive Fossa
Mental Foramen
Parietal Bones
Features:
Parietal Eminence
Squamous Part of Temporal Bone
Superior and Inferior Temporal Lines
Mastoid Part of Temporal Bone
Associated Suture:
Lambdoid Suture
Temporal Bones
Features:
Squamous Part
Mastoid Part
Tympanic Part
Zygomatic Process
External Acoustic Meatus
Mandibular Fossa
Occipital Bone
Features:
External Occipital Protuberance
Nuchal Lines (Superior and Inferior)
Occipital Condyles
Foramen Magnum
Foramen Magnum
Function:
Passageway from the skull to the spinal column
Contents:
Spinal Cord and Meninges
Vertebral Arteries
Anterior and Posterior Spinal Arteries
Spinal Accessory Nerve (XI)
Sphenoid Bone
Description:
Known as the “Bat Bone”
Unpaired bone in neurocranium
Forms the base of the cranium, behind the eye and below the front part of the brain
Contains:
Two air-filled sinuses
Ethmoid Bone
Location:
Sits in front of the sphenoid at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits
Function:
Separates the nasal cavity from the brain
FACIAL SKELETON (VISCERCRANIUM)
Defined Structure
Comprises:
Lacrimal Bones (2)
Nasal Bones (2)
Maxillae (2)
Zygomatic Bones (2)
Palatine (2)
Nasal Conchae (2)
Mandible (1)
Vomer (1)
Specific Compositions
Lacrimal Bones:
Smallest bones in the face
Located on the medial side of the orbit, articulates with the inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, frontal, and maxillary bones.
Nasal Bone:
Forms the bridge of the nose
Articulates with the frontal bone superiorly, ethmoid and the frontal process of the maxilla posteriorly.
Maxilla:
Contains Alveolar Processes (maxillary sinus)
Forms the floor of the orbits, sides and lower walls of the nasal cavities, and the hard palate
Infraorbital Foramen is a neurovascular passageway
Zygomatic Bones:
Also known as the cheek bones
Make up part of the eye orbit, articulating with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone, and the frontal bone.
Palatine Bones:
Pair of bones contributing to the upper palate
Articulate with maxillae to form the hard palate.
Nasal Conchae:
Also called Turbinate or Turbinal
Scroll-shaped bony elements forming the upper chambers of the nasal cavities.
Vomer:
Forms the inferior part of the nasal septum
Articulates with the ethmoid superiorly and palatine inferiorly.
Mandible:
Features:
Mandibular fossa
Temporomandibular joint with temporal bone
Mandibular notch and condyle
Ramus and angle of mandible
Alveolar margin for lower teeth
ORBIT OF THE EYE
Bones Making Up the Orbit
Bones:
Frontal
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Lacrimal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Palatine
BONES OF THE INNER EAR
Three Small Bones:
Malleus (Hammer)
Incus (Anvil)
Stapes (Stirrup)
Additional Structures in Inner Ear:
Tympanic Membrane
Semicircular Canal
JOINTS OF THE SKULL
Principal Sutures
Coronal Suture: between Frontal Bone and Parietal Bones
Sagittal Suture: along the center between both Parietal Bones
Lambdoid Suture: between Occipital Bone and Parietal Bones
Temporal Suture: connecting Temporal Bone to Parietal Bone
Temporomandibular Joints (TMJ)
Characteristics:
Only voluntarily movable joints of the skull
Hinge joints with articular discs
Movements:
Elevation/Depression
Protrusion/Retrusion
Lateral Excursion
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
Main Muscles
Temporalis:
Origin: Temporal line
Insertion: Coronoid process of mandible
Action: Elevation/Retrusion
Innervation: Trigeminal Nerve
Masseter:
Origin: Zygomatic Arch
Insertion: Lateral Angle/Ramus of mandible
Action: Elevation/Protrusion
Innervation: Trigeminal Nerve
Lateral Pterygoid:
Origin: Sphenoid (Greater wing/Lateral Pterygoid plate)
Insertion: Condyle of mandible/TMJ
Action: Protrusion/Depression
Innervation: Trigeminal Nerve
Medial Pterygoid:
Origin: Maxilla / Lateral Pterygoid plate
Insertion: Medial Angle/Ramus of mandible
Action: Elevation/Protrusion
Innervation: Trigeminal Nerve
FACIAL MUSCLES
Role in:
Facial expression
Chewing & moving food in the mouth
Closing eyelids
Neck movement
SCALP ANATOMY
Layers of the Scalp
Skin
Connective Tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose Connective Tissue
Bone
Periosteum
Tables of Bone: Outer Table & Inner Table
MENINGES
Layers of the Meninges
Dura Mater:
Contains Periosteal layer and Meningeal layer
Arachnoid Mater:
Includes Subdural Space
Subarachnoid space containing cerebrospinal fluid
Pia Mater:
Contains blood vessels and adheres to the surface of the brain
Meningeal Spaces
Epidural Space:
Contains Middle Meningeal Artery
Subdural Space:
Contains Veins
Subarachnoid Space:
Contains Cerebrospinal Fluid
ORGANIZATION OF THE BRAIN
Major Parts:
Cerebral Hemisphere
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain Stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
CEREBRUM
Largest part of the brain
Divided into hemispheres
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Controls:
Highest mental & behavioral activities
Conscious & unconscious skeletal muscle contractions
CEREBRAL LOBES FUNCTIONS
Frontal Lobe:
Primary motor cortex for conscious control of skeletal muscles, planning behavior, and language production.
Parietal Lobe:
Primary sensory cortex responsible for conscious perception of touch, pain, temperature, and language comprehension.
Temporal Lobe:
Auditory cortex for hearing and olfactory stimulus perception.
Occipital Lobe:
Visual cortex for conscious perception of visual stimuli.
CEREBELLUM
Function:
Coordinates movements
Regulates posture and reflexes
DIENCEPHALON
Contains:
Thalamus: Relay and processing of sensory information
Hypothalamus: Controls autonomic functions and hormone regulation
BRAINSTEM FUNCTIONS
Autonomic control of respiration, heart rate, etc.
Major components:
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
CRANIAL NERVES
12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves:
Types: Motor nerves, Sensory nerves, Mixed nerves (both motor and sensory)
FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW OF CRANIAL NERVES
Olfactory (CN I): Sensory - Smell
Optic (CN II): Sensory - Vision
Oculomotor (CN III): Motor - Eye movement
Trochlear (CN IV): Motor - Eye movement
Trigeminal (CN V): Mixed - Face movement and sensation
Abducens (CN VI): Motor - Eye movement
Facial (CN VII): Mixed - Face movement and sensation
Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII): Sensory - Hearing, balance
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX): Mixed - Taste, speech
Vagus (CN X): Mixed - Taste, speech, visceral function
Accessory (CN XI): Motor - Shoulder elevation
Hypoglossal (CN XII): Motor - Tongue movement
SO-4, LR-6: Superior Oblique inervated by CN #4, innervated by CN #6
SUMMARY OF CRANIAL NERVES
Sensory Function Examples:
Taste (VII, IX, X)
Hearing and balance (VIII)
Motor Functions Examples:
Eye muscles (III, IV, VI)
Tongue (XII)
Muscles of mastication (V)
Muscles of facial expression (VII)
Muscles involved in speech and swallowing (IX, X)
MNEMONIC DEVICES FOR CRANIAL NERVES
To remember the cranial nerves:
"On Old Olympus Towering Tops A Fine Vested German Viewed Some Hops."
To remember the types of nerves (Sensory or Motor):
"Some Say Mary May But Mary’s Brother Says Best Beware Mary’s Mother.