History

Popular sovereignty

The idea that people living in a territory had the right to decide by voting whether to allow slavery - democracy

Created by Lewis Cass

Bleeding Kansas

The first battleground between those wanting Kansas to be a slave state snd those who didn’t want it to be

200 people died in this fighting

Technically the first fighting of the civil war - hurts Southerners right to “life”

Sectional differences

North

An economy based on industry and agriculture

Rapid urbanization

Massive immigration

Wants high tariffs

An economy based on free labor

South

Agrarian economy

Very rural - few cities

Few immigrants

Wanted more slave states

Relied on slave labor

Freedmen’s Bureau

Helped fugitive slaves find work on plantations

Dred Scott decision(s)

1857

Under Buchanan

This case is not even heard

Ultimately, 2 ideas from the case:

The federal government could not prohibit slavery in the territories

African Americans enslaved or free were not citizens of the united states - could not sue

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

1852

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe - described the inhumanity of slavery

Sold at a crazy amount - one of the catalysts for civil war

North thought of him as a hero; South felt that the North was plotting against them

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 - Louisiana

The super racist court case - has to do with a black man on a white train car

Becomes the legal precedent for racial segregation in the U.S.

Lincoln’s (Republican’s) evolving position on slavery

Initially does not want it to spread

Then wanted to abolish it - then Antietam

Effect of Civil War on northern economy

Boosted Northern industry and economic growth for factories and farms

Farms: needed to produce more to feed the armies and influx of immigrants

Factories: with the need for more supplies and materials it added to the North’s rapid industrialization

During the Civil War immigration continued in the North and helped factory owners hire workers

14th - All African Americans become federal citizens, equal protection under the law, does not apply to Native Americans - 1868 ratified

15th - African American men gain voting rights - 1870 ratified

Voting Restrictions: Poll Taxes, literacy tests / “Jim Crow” laws

Poll taxes - Tax that African Americans had to pay in order to vote

Literacy tests - academic tests that African Americans had to take in order to vote

Jim Crows - Laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States

Presidential/ Executive Reconstruction vs. Congressional Reconstruction

Lincoln reconstruction plan - 1863

Amnesty to South - forgiveness - does not charge them with treason - not given to high officials/military leaders of CSA

10% of the population who voted in the 1860 election take a loyalty oath to Union

States accepted the 13th amendment

TN used it

Radical/Military reconstruction plan 1867-1877

5 military districts

Loyalty oath by the majority of the population

New state constitution which ratified 13th (1865), 14th (1868), and 15th (1870) amendments

Congressional approval

Significance of the Battles of Gettysburg / Vicksburg / Antietam

Gettysburg

1863

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

Union- General George Meade

South- General Lee

Significance: turning point of war Lee is weakened but not captured, and never uses offensive attack again

23,000 Union deaths and 28,000 Confederate deaths

Gained on July 4th, 1863

Union Advantages:

CSA Advantages:

Navy

Larger pop. = larger army

More supplies and MONEY

Stronger central gov.

Industrialized

Successful military experiences (American Revolution, Mexican-American War, etc.)

Potential slave revolts in South

Civil war

Defensive war is enough

Potential British foreign aid

Homefield advantage

Military leadership (Jefferson, and Lee)

Military tradition

Stronger motivation

11 separate armies

Better marksmen - hunters

Sherman’s March to the Sea

The goal was to destroy as much property as possible, not kill people

Tennessee to Georgia to South Carolina

The main target is Atlanta, Georgia because it is the center of transportation - railroads

Burns Atlanta and Columbia

Ransacked houses, burned crops, killed cattle, etc.

Gifted Savannah Georgia to Abraham Lincoln

March to sea - 60 miles wide path of destruction

Demoralizes people

Becomes in charge of operations of the West under Grant

Issues and Reforms

Pendleton Act and Civil Service reform

Passed in 1883 as a result to Pres. Garfield assassination (1881) by Guiteau for not getting a job (ambassador to France) through the spoils system and this alerted Americans on how bad the spoils system is

At the federal level first

Spoils System → assassination is connected to this

No more civil service jobs tied into who they knew in government. Pendleton Act included:

Pass Exam

Limited Tenure (can’t be fired for political reasons)

No $$$ contributions to superiors political campaign (by individuals but corporations could still donate)

Takes political bribery out of the equation, big businesses will now be donating a lot more (another additional issue, could do good or harm)

In order to enlarge the Civil Service system and move away from Spoils System

Nativism

Hostility and dislike toward immigrants by native-born people

2 Major reasons

Immigrants would steal jobs from Americans

The influx of Catholics over protestants

Focused mainly on Asians, Jews, and Eastern Europeans

America Protective Association - anti-catholic

Workingman’s Party of California - anti-Chinese

Indian schools / assimilation / Reservation system

Americanization - Naive Americans abandon their traditional trivial culture and assimilate into American society by learning English, adopting American culture/values, and eventually becoming American citizens

Assimilation - To absorb a group into the culture of another population

Bureau of Indian Affairs - sponsored the creation of Indian boarding schools separate from reservations

Required to speak English, English clothing, choose an English name, change their hair to match American styles, attend church, and learn vocational skills

Underfunded - poorly maintained and very strict

Dawes Act was also for Americanization

The Bureau of Indian Affairs sponsored the creation of Indian boarding schools separate from reservations: encourage them to abandon their tribal culture and adopt American cultures

officials pressured parents to send children to school

in school they were required: to speak English, attend church, cut their hair

Wounded Knee

1890 in South Dakota

The final battle big battle of plains wars- marked the end of significant fighting

Catalyst: Ghost Dance- dance until the pass out to have vision

Lakota performed Ghost Dance - a ritual that celebrated for the reckoning of the settlers, buffalo would return and reunited NA - this was banned by federal authorities because they thought it was a war dance

Similar to Lexington and concord

Police tried to arrest leader - Sitting Bull

Gunfire started - Sitting Bull was killed

25 U.S. soldiers died and 200 Lakota women, kids, and old people died

Pacific Railway Act / Government Land Grants / Gadsden Purchase

Gadsden Purchase (1853)

James Gadsden was sent to MX to pay $10 million for 30,000 mi strips of land - Arizona and New Mexico - purchased for the transcontinental railroad - never used

The “American frontier”

People were moving out west → Westward expansion

National development → availability of unsettled land allowed for this

West ward expansion

Industrial Revolution & Urbanization

Causes & Effects of Industrialization / Commercial growth

Characterized by the increase in technology due to advances in electricity

Due to abundant raw materials, large workforce, greater demand for consumer goods, nation free enterprise system

This leads to population growth, urbanization, improved access to food, raw materials

Urbanization and cause/effect of urban population growth

Provided a large workforce

Created greater demand for consumer goods

Due to large families and a flood of immigrants

Went from farming and rural areas to factory jobs in urban areas

Political Machines

An organization linked to a political party that often controlled local government

Often controlled all city services including the police department

Grew rich due to graft or gaining money or power illegally - corruption

Some argue that political machines provided necessary services and helped assimilate new city dwellers

Most infamous example: Tamanny Hall- William Boss Tweed

Robber Barons

Prevailing Ideologies of the Gilded Age

Laissez Faire economics & Laissez Faire capitalism

laissez-faire: a policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation’s economy, if gov’t regulates the economy it increases costs

supports low taxes/tariffs

relies on supply and demand rather than gov’t to regulate wages and prices

Believes that economic success is more likely the less governments are involved in businesses

Social Darwinism

Social Darwinism created by Herbert Spencer

The Industrialists and their tactics

Trusts, pools, and holding companies

Trusts - a combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement - especially to reduce competition

Holding Companies - a company whose primary business is owning a controlling share of stock in other companies

Pools - Union of different companies in the same area of business - limit competition against each other and be able to get maximum profits

Vertical and Horizontal Integration

Vertical integration

A company that owns all of the different businesses on which it depends on its operation

It saved money and enabled many companies to expand

You control everything

Andrew Carnegie- bought mines, built railroads to ship the iron ore from the mine to steel factories, controlled his cost to make a bigger profit

- Horizontal integration

Combining many firms engaged in the same type of business into 1 large corporation

This method took place frequently as companies competed

Merging of companies

John D. Rockefeller - bought 90% of oil companies; standard oil had an aggressive public view

Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie - Steel industry

The invention of affordable steel made it so that you can build city w/ skyscrapers anywhere - cities could now grow both horizontally and vertically - cheaper prices for many steel goods - used in military, construction, and many items

Vertical Integration

John Rockefeller

John D. Rockefeller - The oil industry

Used in oil lamps, and used for heat - oil allows people to go outside later in the night - people can work at night and day - oil mining in West attracted many new workers to move West

Horizontal Integration

American Federation of Labor

Dominant labor organization of the late 1800s

Focused on promoting the interests of skilled workers

Samuel Gompers- the first president of the AFL until 1924

Tried to concentrate on pure and simple unionism, focusing on wages, Working hours, and working conditions

Willing to uses strikes but preferred to negotiate

Goals

convince companies to recognize unions and agree to collective bargaining

pushed for closed shops- meaning companies could only hire only union members

promoted 8-hour workdays

1900- the biggest union in the country with 500K plus members

Most AFL members were white men

Discriminated against African Americans and only admitted a few women

Represented less than 15% of all nonfarm workers

Jacob Riis, Ida Tarbell, John Spargo, Upton Sinclair – “muckrakers”

Jacob Riis - “How The Other Half Lives” - Rich vs. Poor

Progressivism – political / social / economic reforms, acts, Amendments

Recall - Allows voters to remove an unsatisfactory person, leads to a recall election

Progressive Presidents – Roosevelt / Taft / Wilson

Roosevelt

Republican, Progressive Party (Bull Moose) in 1912

Named trustbuster but actually liked trust for economy = regulation

51 National reservations + 5 national parks

Newlands Reclamation Act - irrigation

Created U.S. Forest Service

Supported careful management of timber resources

Meat inspection Act - 1906

Pure Food and Drug Act - 1906

The catalyst was The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

3. Wilson

Democrat

President of Princeton University

Governor of NJ

17th, 18th, 19th amendments ratified amendment under Wilson

Wilson created the FTC to work towards limiting unfair trade practices

Know the sequential order of these:

1850- Compromise of 1850

California wanted to enter the union as a free state but that bothered the south because California was so big- Henry Clay tried to make it equal but everything favored the north more

Utah and New Mexico will use popular sovereignty, slave trade is outlawed but still legal in Washington, D.C., and a stronger federal fugitive slave act

1854- Kansas Nebraska Act

popular sovereignty to decide slavery question in Kansas and Nebraska- Stephen Douglass

Directly led to the nickname of Bleeding Kansas

1857- Dred Scott Case

Could not go to court because he was not a federal citizen, supreme court does not even hear the case- slavery can not be prohibited because the power to limit slavery is not given to government because it is not in the constitution (slavery is legal)

1860- Abraham Lincoln wins the election (first modern day Republican president)

Lincoln's win causes Confederacy to form

1861- Official beginning of Civil War (Fort Sumter, April 12th)

1862

Battle of Antietam - Maryland (allowed Lincoln to announce emancipation proclamation cuz Union victory)

Emancipation Proclamation issued by Lincoln (1. Slaves will be free as union army captures the south 2. Gave southern states until January 1st to rejoin union with their slaves 3. Allowed African Americans to join the Union army. 4. No foreign aid from britain because britain doesn’t like owning slaves)

North wanted to stop slavery and put country back together

Homestead Act- 10$- 160 acres- 5 years living

Pacific Railway Act → transcontinental railroad

1863

The Emancipation Proclamation is put into effect

Battle of Gettysburg - turning point because weakened Robert Lee’s army (can’t recover lost troops)

Battle of Vicksburg - Union gained control of the Mississippi River (split majority of food production from west to the majority of people in the east)

1865

Rob E Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse (does not officially end war)

-Lincoln was assassinated - north shifts towards a more punitive southern reconstruction plan. Booth assassinated Lincoln because his state (Maryland) was put under martial law and habeas corpus was erased → enrages Booth who goes to kill Lincoln

End of Civil War

13 amendment was ratified (ended slavery unless as formal punishment)

1868

Ratification of 14th amendment- African Americans became citizens of the U.S.

Andrew Johnson is impeached- process starts in the house of reps ⅔ says yes then it goes to trial at the senate ⅔,. Accused of violating the tenure of office act (can't fire someone without senate's approval). First time we impeach president, starts in house and moves to senate

1870

15th amendment was ratified- all black men had the right to vote

All former Confederate states returned to the Union

1877

Great Railroad Strike- widespread, caused after wages were cut for the 3rd time + dividends were not cut

Compromise of 1877- Needed because of the election of 1876; rampant corruption on both sides left neither candidate with the needed majority. Hayes becomes president, southern democrat becomes postmaster general (establishing southern mindset within the government) who has the power to appoint anyone beneath him without no one saying no,federal troops leave the south (no one to enforce the laws anymore).

End of reconstruction- because the troops left the south

1882

Chinese Exclusion Act- barred immigration from China for 10 years, any existing chinese cannot be citizens

Immigration Act- 50 cents per immigrant + kept out the mentally incompetent(were considered incompetnet if they didn’t speak english, which most immigrants didn’t), criminals, couldn’t take care of themselves. Mainly affected those coming from the West Coast (Angel Island).

1890

Wounded Knee Massacre (South Dakota) - elderely, women, and children killed by Americans because they came to stop ghost dances. Saw ghost dance as a preparation for war/rebellion. End of Plains Wars.

Sherman Antitrust Act - ineffective, but it served as a precedent that the government could do away with a laissez-faire style of government.

1896

Plessy vs Ferguson- established the idea of separate but equal (whites vs colored). Affected every element of society.

Klondike Goldrush- smaller to California Gold Rush (stereotypical boomtowns, difficult terrain, establishment of big mining companies) differed because klondike had fewer people and only lasted 3 years

Populist party was introduced- lot of support from farmers, working class. Supported the addition of a silver standard in addition to the gold standard. Don't choose a candidate due to the Democratic candidate sharing similar ideas.

1906

Meat Inspection Act. Catalyst - Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. Federal agents inspect hygiene elements of meat processing industries.

Pure Food and Drug Act. Catalyst - Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. Correctly labeled ingredients (mainly for medicines)

1920

19th amendment was ratified - women’s suffrage on any level