Calculi- A stone, usually composed of mineral salts.

Cystitis- inflammation of the bladder

Cystoscopy- visual examination of bladder

Diuresis- increased or excessive production of urine.

Glomerulonephritis- Inflammation of the glomerulus and kidneys

Hemodialysis- Patients' blood is diverted into a dialysis machine for filtering

Micturition- the action of urinating.

Nephrolithiasis- kidney stones

Nephron- Microscopic functional unit of the kidney.

Pyelonephritis- inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney

renal pelvis- The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter,

Renin- an enzyme secreted by and stored in the kidneys which promotes the production of the protein angiotensin.

Urea- a naturally occurring molecule that is produced by protein metabolism and found abundantly in mammalian urine.

Ureter- Approximately 12-inch-long tube that connects the renal pelvis of the kidney to the bladder.

Urethra- the duct by which urine is conveyed out of the body from the bladder, and which in male vertebrates also conveys semen.