Copy of Unit 0: Modules 0.4, 0.5, 0
AP Psychology | Name sofia silva |
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Chapter and Section | Date 9/4/25 |
Cues Module 0.4 Correlation Correlation Coefficient Variable Scatterplot What does it mean two variables are correlated? What are positive and negative correlations? Why does correlation not equal causation? Use scientific language. Illusory Correlation Regression Toward the Mean Experiment Experimental Group Control Group Random Assignment What are the characteristics of experimentation that make it possible to isolate cause and effect? Placebo Effect Single-Blind Procedure Double-Blind Procedure Independent Variable Confounding Variable Experimenter Bias Dependent Variable Why is the control group for the experimental method? Validity Module 0.5 Explain the primary purpose for each research design: Case Studies Naturalistic Observations Surveys Correlations Studies Experimental Quantitative Research Qualitative Research How can simplified laboratory conditions illuminate everyday life? Why do psychologists study animals? Informed Consent Debriefing Confederates IRB What ethical guidelines safeguard human and animal welfare? When is deceit in research acceptable and when is it not? How do psychologists’ values influence what they study and how they apply their results? Module 0.6 Descriptive Statistics Histogram Mode Mean Median Percentile Rank Skewed Distribution How can the mean be misleading when interpreting data for skewed distributions? What is the relative usefulness of the two measures of variation? Range Standard Deviation Normal Curve Inferential Statistics Meta-Analysis How do we determine whether an observed difference can be generalized to other populations? Statistical Significance Effect Size When is an observed difference in variables significant? When is it not significant? | Note Taking Column Is the measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how either factor predicts each other. is a statistical index of the relationship between two variables (from -1.00 to +1.00).
is a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. When two variables are correlated it means the measure of the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables. Positive correlations are coefficients that are from 0 to +1.00 finds if variables move from the same direction. However, negative coefficients are from 0 to -1.00 which indicated if variables have an inverse relationship Correlation doesn’t equal causation because if we believe there is a relationship between two variables, we might not be aware of other possibilities or instances. perceives a relationship where none exists, or perceives a relationship as stronger than it is in actuality. is the tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back(regress) toward the average. is a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) and observes the effect on a certain behavior (dependent variable) to identify a cause-and-effect relationship between the variables. The group that is exposed to the treatment- an independent variable in an experiment is the group not exposed to the treatment; it contrasts with the experimental group, and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. assigns participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between each group. Having an experimental group, a control group, random assignment. Also, the single blind procedure, double blind procedure, using the placebo effect . Having an independent variable and a dependent variable. used to describe experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. an experimental procedure in which the research participants are ignorant(blind) about whether they have received the treatment or a placebo. an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. an experiment is the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. in an experiment is a factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study’s results. Choosing a certain factor from a group rather than it being a random assignment. an experiment is the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated. To support its validity and reliability of the experiment. This can help establish findings. is the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to. To observe and record behavior To observe and record behavior To observe and record behavior To detect naturally occurring relationships: to assess how well one variable predicts another. To explore cause and effect a research method that relies on quantifiable, numerical data. a research method that relies on in-depth, narrative data that are not translated into numbers. Knowing, laboratories simulate and control features of everyday life. Experiments put to test theoretical principles. Which could validate a theory, helping to explain behavior and guide applications to everyday problems and their solutions. To learn more possibilities that could be applied to human life. Though, it also helped humans with more information, it has also helped with animal health. gives potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions to its participants. Bring groups into alliance Institutional review board The IRB reviews and approves every research proposal. Implied consent is also given before continuation of research. Acceptable when it is needed for study, no harm, tell the truth after approval. It is not okay when it can cause harm, not needed, not honest Values can help researchers decide what to study, conclusions and observations. They apply their results by using their solutions to help solve some of the world's greatest problems and thrive-increase wellness .are numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. histogram is a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution most frequently occurring score the most familiar, but can be affected by outliers or extreme scores is the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half the scores are below it. is the percentage of scores that are lower than a given score. describes a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value. The mean can be misleading when interpreting data for skewed distributions by extreme scores. It helps to know how similar or different the scores are in a data set. Measures of variability can add to the information we gain from measures of central tendency. describes the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution. is a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that represents the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (about 68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it), and fewer and fewer near the extremes. Aka normal distribution. are numerical data that allow one to generalize; to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population. Is a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion •Representative samples are better than biased or unrepresentative samples. •Bigger samples are better than smaller ones. •More estimates are better than fewer estimates. Is a statistical statement of the likelihood that a result occurred by chance, assuming there is no difference in the populations studied. refers to the strength of the relationship between two variables. The larger the effect size, the more one variable can be explained by the other. A study has significant results but does not make a difference in real world applications, it is said to have a small effect size and the larger the effective size, more details can be explained. It's not significant when it doesn't have any effect. |
Summary | Use this space to write a short summary of Unit 0 (pg. 0-3 to 0-46) in your textbook. In Unit 0, we have an in depth look into how researchers proceed their experimentations and isolate cause and effect. While also learning their process of thinking- such as using the single blind procedure, double blind procedure, and the placebo effect. One gets a better understanding of why/how researchers use animals for experiments or tests. That data of results of experiments have many details. They use many different ways to distribute stats and data. |