Grammar Teaching: Principles and Approaches

What is Grammar?

  • Language user's subconscious internal system.
  • Attempt by linguists to codify this internal system, focusing on:
  • Sounds of language (Phonology)
  • Structure and form of words (Morphology)
  • Arrangement of words (Syntax)
  • Meanings of language (Semantics)
  • Functions of language in context (Pragmatics)
  • Quote by David Crystal: "Grammar is the business of taking a language to pieces to see how it works."
  • No language has fixed rules; rather, grammar reflects the natural, evolving state of communication.
  • Key meanings realized by grammar:
  • Representational: Describing the world (e.g. The sun set at 7:30).
  • Interpersonal: Facilitating interactions (e.g. from commands to polite requests).

Why Should We Teach Grammar?

Arguments for Teaching Grammar:
  1. Sentence-Machine Argument:
  • Grammar allows learners to create an infinite number of sentences beyond memorizing phrases.
  1. Fine-Tuning Argument:
  • Grammar enhances clarity and subtlety in meaning, correcting ambiguities.
  1. Fossilization Argument:
  • Exposure to grammar instruction helps prevent language learning plateaus where no further progress is made.
  1. Advance-Organizer Argument:
  • Grammar instruction provides a base for noticeability in language acquisition leads to better performance in natural settings.
  1. Discrete Item Argument:
  • Grammar organizes chaotic language into manageable units, aiding structure and comprehension.
  1. Rule-of-Law Argument:
  • Grammar offers structure in teaching, especially in larger, unruly classrooms.
  1. Learner Expectations Argument:
  • Learners often come with the expectation that grammar will be a significant part of their education.

Approaches to Teaching Grammar

Deductive Approach (Rule-Driven Learning):
  • Presentation of a grammar rule followed by examples.
  • Advantages:
  • Time-saving and straightforward for learners.
  • Respects the intelligence of mature students.
  • Confirms expectations for students with analytic learning styles.
  • Disadvantages:
  • May not engage younger students or those lacking metalanguage.
  • May encourage a focus solely on rule memorization over practical use.
Inductive Approach (Rule Discovery Path):
  • Learners deducing rules through examples themselves.
  • Advantages:
  • Greater cognitive depth and memorability due to active involvement.
  • Enhances autonomous learning and pattern recognition skills.
  • Disadvantages:
  • Can lead to misinterpretation of rules and requires significant teacher planning.
Functional-Notional Approach:
  • Prioritizes the use of language for communication over strict grammatical forms.
  • Organized around functions such as requesting and offering.
  • Promotes understanding of language in context, moving beyond rote learning.
  • Developed by D.A. Wilkins in the 1970s to create communicative syllabi based on language functions.

Teaching Grammar Through Contextual Methods

Through Texts:
  • Using authentic or simplified texts for teaching grammar helps contextualize structures in real communication scenarios.
  • Benefits:
  • Co-textual information aids in understanding.
  • Exposes learners to vocabulary and mechanics of text organization.
  • Challenges:
  • Authentic texts might be too complex for lower-level learners.
Through Stories:
  • Stories provide context and engagement, helping to illustrate grammar points effectively.
  • Involves learners in a dynamic, memorable way.
  • Encourages creativity and collaboration in constructing narratives.
Through Songs and Rhymes:
  • Songs can teach grammar in a fun, engaging manner, supporting different skills (listening, speaking, etc.).
  • Emphasizes rhythm, intonation, and cultural themes while promoting a non-threatening learning atmosphere.
  • Use of thematic discussions and connected activities following songs maximizes learning opportunities.

Rules for Teaching Grammar

  1. Rule of Context:
  • Teach grammar in context to clarify meaning and usage.
  1. Rule of Use:
  • Facilitate comprehension and productive use over mere presentation.
  1. Rule of Economy:
  • Be economical with time; maximize practice opportunities.
  1. Rule of Relevance:
  • Focus only on grammar needed by students.
  1. Rule of Nurture:
  • Provide conducive conditions for grammar learning rather than imposing rules.
  1. Rule of Appropriacy:
  • Ensure teaching strategies align with students' levels, needs, and expectations.
Conditions for Effective Grammar Teaching
  • Quality of input, output, feedback, and motivation all play crucial roles in grammar learning effectiveness.