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DEFINING GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION - “Borderless world” - the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world time and across world-space. - all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society. 2 types of definition for Globalization 1. Broad and inclusive - “Globalization means the onset of the borderderless world”. (Ohmae, 1992) If one uses such, it can include a variety of issues that deal with overcoming tradition boundaries. However, it does not shed light on the implications of globalization due to its vagueness. 2. Narrow and exclusive – are better justified but can be limiting, in the sense that their application adheres to only particular definitions. “ The characteristics of the globalization trend include the internationalizing of production, the new international division of labor, new migratory movements from South to North, the new competitive environment that accelerates these processes, and the internationalizing of the state…making states into agencies of the globalizing world”. ( Robert Cox) No matter how one classifies a definition of globalization, the concept is complex and multifaceted as the definitions deal with either economic, political, or social dimensions. A more recent definition was given by Ritzer (2015) , Globalization is a transplanetary process or a set of processes involving increasing liquidity and growing multi directional flows of people, objects, places, and information as well as the structures they encounter and create that are barriers to, or expedite those flows. METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION In order for us to better understand the concept of globalization, we will utilize metaphors. Metaphors make use of one term to help us better understand another term. In this case, the states of matter –Solid—liquid—will be used. The epoch that preceded today’s globalization paved way for people, things and information and places to harden over time. Consequently, they have limited mobility ( Ritzer, 2015). “Solidity”- refers to the barriers that prevent of make difficult the movement of things. They could either e natural or man- made. Examples of natural solids are landforms and bodies of water. Made made barriers include Great Wall of China, and the Berlin Wall. An imaginary line such as nine dash-line of the People’s Republic of China is an example of the modern man-made solid. This creates limited access to Filipino fishers to the West Philippine Sea ( formerly called South China Sea). Liquid as a state of matter takes the shape of its container. However, liquids are not fixed. LIQUIDITY therefore, refers to the increasing ease of movement of people , things information and places in the contemporary world. Characteristics of liquid according to Zygmunt Bauman: 1. Today’s liquid phenomena changes quickly and their aspects spatial and temporal are in continuous fluctuation. 2. In liquid phenomena, the movement is difficult to stop. For example, videos uploaded to Facebook are unstoppable once they become viral. 3. The forces of liquid made political boundaries more permeable to the flow of people and things. Liquidity and solidity are in constant interaction. However, liquidity is the one increasing and proliferating today. Therefore the metaphor that could best describe globalization is liquidity. Liquids do flow ( Apparaudi, 1996; Rey & Ritzer, 2010). The literature of globalization makes use of the concept of flow. FLOWS --- are movement of people, things places and information brought by the growing porosity of global limitations (Ritzer, 2015 Examples: different foreign cuisines being patronized and consumed by the Filipinos. Foods are being globalized. (sushi, ramen, kimchi, hamburger, French fries etc.) THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION Homogeneity – refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors and political orientations of societies expand to create common practices, same economies and similar forms of government. It is often linked to cultural imperialism. CULTURAL IMPERIALISM- this means a given culture influences other cultures. For example, the dominant religion in our country is Christianity, which was brought to us by the Spaniards. Ritzer (2008) coined the term “ Mcdonaldization”- refers to the process by which Western societies are dominated by the principles of fast food restaurant. It involves the global spread of rational systems such as efficiency, calculability predictability and control. Heterogeneity - refers to the differences because of either lasting differences or of the hybrids or combinations of cultures that can be produced through the different transplantery processes. Heterogeneity in culture is associated with cultural hybridization. Example: glocalization, (as global forces interact with local factors or a specific geographic area, the “ glocal” is being produced. Roland Robertson (1992). 1. WORLD SYTEM THEORY World Systems Theory posits that there is a world economic system in which some countries benefit while others are exploited. The big idea was that the global system had a stratified structure on inequality based on institutionalized exploitation. This implied that the whole system was the proper unit of analysis, not national societies, and that development and underdevelopment had been structured by global power relations for centuries. World System Theory -CORE: rich & developed states -PERIPHERY: poor & dependent states -SEMI-PERIPHERY: the ‘in-between; semi-industrialised states 2. THEORY OF THE GLOBAL SYSTEM - The model involves TNPs at three levels: -the economic, whose agent is transnational capital; -the political, whose agent is a transnational capitalist class (TCC); -the cultural-ideological, whose agent is cultural elites. 3. NETWORK SOCIETY -“techno logistic” approach to globalization or ”Age of information” or “informationalism” -digital connectivity and empowerment of the internet and the World Wide Web -Generation Z or Gen Z (also known as iGeneration or iGen and Post-Millennials 4. LIBERALISM is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of the governed and equality before the law. Liberalism is a defining feature of modern democracy, illustrated by the prevalence of the term ‘liberal democracy’ as a way to describe countries with free and fair elections, rule of law and protected civil liberties. 5. POLITICAL REALISM The highlights of this theory is power (the heart of politics) -Importance of sovereign states (balance of power, dominant state at a particular moment; consequent interests) -Stressing the uneven nature of globalization 6. MARXISM Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development, better known as historical materialism, to understand class relations and social conflict as well as a dialectical perspective to view social transformation. It emphasizes class relations/conflict -Production, distribution, (social class) emancipation -Excessive emphasis on class (conflict) 7. CONSTRUCTIVISM Constructivism is a theory in education that recognizes the learners' understanding and knowledge based on their own experiences. Trans planetary connectivity due to the importance of symbols, language, interpretations in constructing the social world. 8. POST MODERNISM The theory that emphasizes relativity, subjectivity, and individualism. It critique universalist notions of universality, morality and truth. 9. FEMINISM The theory that criticizes the marginalization and subordination of women in the society. According to the study, (Rios, 2005) women are poorer than men in every state, regardless of education or geographic location. 10. ECLECTICISM This theory does not hold rigidly into single paradigm or set of assumptions but instead draws into multiple theories.